Rebeccah L Sokol1, Patrick M Carter2, Jason Goldstick3, Alison L Miller4, Maureen A Walton5, Marc A Zimmerman6, Rebecca M Cunningham7. 1. Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Electronic address: rlsokol@umich.edu. 2. Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 3. University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 4. Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 5. University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 6. Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 7. University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Youth who carry firearms-and peers that surround them-are at increased risk for violent injuries. Because firearm carriage behaviors can change over time within an individual, it is important to identify individual and social-contextual determinants that explain this within-person variability in carriage. METHODS: The authors identified individual and social-contextual determinants of firearm carriage in the past 6 months using multilevel logistic models on 5 waves of panel data from the Flint Youth Injury Study (n=597; ages 14-24 years), collected in 2009-2011 and analyzed in 2019. RESULTS: Regarding within-person effects, when an individual had more positive peer affiliations than their average, their odds of carrying a firearm decreased (OR=0.88; 95% CI=0.81, 0.96). Conversely, an individual's odds of carrying a firearm increased when they had more negative peer affiliations (OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.02, 1.14), experienced more victimization (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01, 1.05), perceived greater community violence (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.05, 1.21), or exhibited greater retaliatory attitudes (OR=1.10, 95% CI=1.01, 1.19) than their average. CONCLUSIONS: Peer affiliations, victimization, community violence perceptions, and retaliatory attitudes explain within-person variability in firearm carriage. Strategies for reducing carriage among youth should consider individual- and environmental-level interventions to address these individual and social-contextual determinants.
INTRODUCTION: Youth who carry firearms-and peers that surround them-are at increased risk for violent injuries. Because firearm carriage behaviors can change over time within an individual, it is important to identify individual and social-contextual determinants that explain this within-person variability in carriage. METHODS: The authors identified individual and social-contextual determinants of firearm carriage in the past 6 months using multilevel logistic models on 5 waves of panel data from the Flint Youth Injury Study (n=597; ages 14-24 years), collected in 2009-2011 and analyzed in 2019. RESULTS: Regarding within-person effects, when an individual had more positive peer affiliations than their average, their odds of carrying a firearm decreased (OR=0.88; 95% CI=0.81, 0.96). Conversely, an individual's odds of carrying a firearm increased when they had more negative peer affiliations (OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.02, 1.14), experienced more victimization (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01, 1.05), perceived greater community violence (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.05, 1.21), or exhibited greater retaliatory attitudes (OR=1.10, 95% CI=1.01, 1.19) than their average. CONCLUSIONS: Peer affiliations, victimization, community violence perceptions, and retaliatory attitudes explain within-person variability in firearm carriage. Strategies for reducing carriage among youth should consider individual- and environmental-level interventions to address these individual and social-contextual determinants.
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