Tingjun Dong1,2, Zejun Lu2, Jingjiao Li2, Yongzhen Liu2, Juyi Wen1,2. 1. The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China. 2. Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Flubendazole is an anthelmintic and categorized in benzimidazole. Previous evidence indicates its suppression on proliferation of colon cancer and breast cancer cells. Our study aims to explore the effects of flubendazole on non-small cell lung cancer A549 and H460 cell lines and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: CCK-8 assay was used to detect the effect of flubendazole at different concentrations on viability of both cell lines A549 and H460. We used western blot to detect the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins p62 and LC3 after flubendazole treatment. Cells were transfected with tandem fluorescent adenovirus (mRFP-GFP-LC3), and the impact of flubendazole treatment on autophagic flux were analyzed. RESULTS: Cell viability analysis showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on proliferation of both A549 and H460, comparing to cells without flubendazole treating (P<0.001). Level of p62 decreased and LC3 II/I ratio increased in cells treated with 2 μmol/L flubendazole for 24 h and 48 h, compared to control groups (P<0.005). Red fluorescence signals increased in mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfected cells after flubendazole treating, suggesting an elevation in autophagic flux. CONCLUSIONS: Flubendazole may inhibit the proliferation of A549 and H460 cells and promote autophagy.
BACKGROUND:Flubendazole is an anthelmintic and categorized in benzimidazole. Previous evidence indicates its suppression on proliferation of colon cancer and breast cancer cells. Our study aims to explore the effects of flubendazole on non-small cell lung cancerA549 and H460 cell lines and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: CCK-8 assay was used to detect the effect of flubendazole at different concentrations on viability of both cell lines A549 and H460. We used western blot to detect the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins p62 and LC3 after flubendazole treatment. Cells were transfected with tandem fluorescent adenovirus (mRFP-GFP-LC3), and the impact of flubendazole treatment on autophagic flux were analyzed. RESULTS: Cell viability analysis showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on proliferation of both A549 and H460, comparing to cells without flubendazole treating (P<0.001). Level of p62 decreased and LC3 II/I ratio increased in cells treated with 2 μmol/L flubendazole for 24 h and 48 h, compared to control groups (P<0.005). Red fluorescence signals increased in mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfected cells after flubendazole treating, suggesting an elevation in autophagic flux. CONCLUSIONS:Flubendazole may inhibit the proliferation of A549 and H460 cells and promote autophagy.
The effect of flubendazole at different concentrations on the proliferation of A549 (A) and H460 (B) cells. The inhibitory effect of flubendazole on proliferation elevated as the concentration increased (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).
不同浓度氟苯达唑对A549(A)、H460(B)细胞增殖的影响。随着氟苯达唑浓度的增加, 细胞抑制越明显(**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)。The effect of flubendazole at different concentrations on the proliferation of A549 (A) and H460 (B) cells. The inhibitory effect of flubendazole on proliferation elevated as the concentration increased (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).
氟苯达唑促进A549、H460细胞自噬
选择浓度为2 μmol/L的氟苯达唑为实验组, 不加氟苯达唑为对照组, 分别处理细胞12 h、24 h、48 h, 并进行Western blot实验。在A549细胞中(图 2A-C), 和对照组相比, 24 h和48 h时实验组p62蛋白表达下降(t=17.82, P < 0.001; t=5.895, P=0.004), 12 h、24 h、48 h时LC3 II/I均升高(t=7.798, P=0.001; t=37.856, P < 0.001; t=17.725, P < 0.001)。在H460细胞中(图 2D-F), 和对照组相比, 12 h、24 h、48 h时实验组p62蛋白表达下降(t=14.481, P < 0.001; t=12.827, P < 0.001; t=21.825, P < 0.001), LC3 II/I比值升高(t=25.276, P < 0.001; t=17.787, P < 0.001; t=29.276, P < 0.001)。上述实验结果提示氟苯达唑促进A549、H460细胞自噬。
The effect of flubendazole on autophagy-related proteins in A549 cells (A-C), B, C represents expression level of p62/GAPDH and LC3 II/I. Expression of autophagy-related proteins in H460 cells after flubendazole treatment (D-F), E, F represents expression of p62/GAPDH and LC3 II/I. Quantification were conducted through gray value analysis (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).
氟苯达唑在A549细胞(A-C)中对自噬相关蛋白的影响, B、C分别代表p62/GAPDH、LC3 II/I的灰度值分析。氟苯达唑在H460细胞(D-F)中对自噬相关蛋白的影响, E、F分别代表p62/GAPDH、LC3 II/I的灰度值分析(**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)。The effect of flubendazole on autophagy-related proteins in A549 cells (A-C), B, C represents expression level of p62/GAPDH and LC3 II/I. Expression of autophagy-related proteins in H460 cells after flubendazole treatment (D-F), E, F represents expression of p62/GAPDH and LC3 II/I. Quantification were conducted through gray value analysis (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).
Variations of autophagic flux in control group, flubendazole group, flubendazole+hydroxychloroquine group, hydroxychloroquine group and rapamycin group of RFP-GFP-LC3 transfected A549 cells (×400).
Variations of autophagic flux in control group, flubendazole group, flubendazole+hydroxychloroquine group, hydroxychloroquine group and rapamycin group of RFP-GFP-LC3 transfected H460 cells (×400).
RFP-GFP-LC3转染的A549细胞中对照组、氟苯达唑组、氟苯达唑+羟氯喹组、羟氯喹组和雷帕霉素组自噬流变化(×400)。Variations of autophagic flux in control group, flubendazole group, flubendazole+hydroxychloroquine group, hydroxychloroquine group and rapamycin group of RFP-GFP-LC3 transfected A549 cells (×400).RFP-GFP-LC3转染的H460细胞中对照组、氟苯达唑组、氟苯达唑+羟氯喹组、羟氯喹组和雷帕霉素组自噬流变化(×400)。Variations of autophagic flux in control group, flubendazole group, flubendazole+hydroxychloroquine group, hydroxychloroquine group and rapamycin group of RFP-GFP-LC3 transfected H460 cells (×400).
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