Long Noncoding RNA H19 Facilitates Small Cell Lung Cancer Tumorigenesis Through miR-140-5p/FGF9 Axis.

PURPOSE: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as gene regulators to drive many important cancer phenotypes through interaction with microRNAs. There have been numerous data about upregulation of H19 and its strong oncogenic function in progression of cancers. However, the function and detailed mechanisms of H19 on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are still unclear.
METHODS: In this study, we investigated H19 expression in SCLC and para-carcinoma tissues. We also explored the function and detailed mechanisms of H19 on SCLC cells via RT-PCR, transwell assay, Western blot, dual-luciferase report assay and RNA pull-down experiments.
RESULTS: In this study, we observed that H19 was upregulated in SCLC compared with para-carcinoma tissues or NSCLC tissues. We also uncovered that H19 could promote proliferation and migration of SCLC cells. Functional investigation illustrated that H19 acted as a sponge for miR-140-5p to regulate its expression in SCLC. Interestingly, we further found that H19 upregulated FGF9 expression to promote SCLC progression via sponging miR-140-5p. H19 and FGF9 were also revealed to have similar expression patterns in clinical SCLC samples.
CONCLUSION: These data demonstrated that H19 might be a promising prognostic and therapeutic target for SCLC.

Introduction

Among all the cancers, lung carcinoma is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers at the global level, and it has the highest mortality rate, being responsible for 18.4% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide.1–3 Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) possesses about 15% of all lung cancers, is a minor subtype of lung cancer. Due to early development of widespread metastasis, SCLC was considered as an aggressive high-grade neuroendocrine malignancy associated with a poor prognosis.4,5 As a result, treatment options are often not available and limited for SCLC.6 Therefore, it is urgent to explore novel molecules for accurate prognostic prediction and targeted therapy.

More and more long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified and investigated with the rapid development of genome sequence, which played indispensable role in the development and progression of cancers.7–9 LncRNA H19 is located at the human chromosome 11p15 near the telomeric region with 2356 nucleotides.10 There have been numerous articles about upregulation of H19 and its strong oncogenic function in cancer progression, such as breast cancer,11 colon cancer,12 prostate cancer,13 esophageal squamous cell cancer,14 multiple myeloma,15 hepatocellular carcinoma,16 non-small cell lung cancer17 and so on. However, the role of H19 in small cell lung cancer is unclear.

In our preliminary experiment, we observed that H19 expression in SCLC tissues was obviously elevated compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues or NSCLC tissues. Mechanically, H19 acted as a sponge for miR-140-5p to increase FGF9 expression, eventually promoting cancer cell proliferation and migration, suggesting that H19 maybe function as an oncogene in the progression of small cell lung cancer.

Materials and Methods

Patient Tissue Samples

In this research, total of 120 clinical tissue specimens (40 SCLC tissues, 40 NSCLC tissues and 40 adjacent normal tissues) were received from Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. Patients who did not receive neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy before surgery. Meanwhile, the clinicopathological data were recorded in detail. The study was approved by the ethics committee of National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. And all enrolled patients provided written informed consent.

Cell Culture

Human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1299, H460, PC9), small cell lung cancer cell lines (H446, H69, SHP-77, DMS-53) and normal epithelial cell line BEAS-2B were purchased from Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Shanghai, China). These cells were cultured in DMEM or RPMI1640 medium, containing 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C with 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator.

RNA Isolation, Reverse Transcription and Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Total RNA from cells or tissues were extracted using TRIzol reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Then, concentration and quality of RNA was measured via Nanodrop. cDNA was gained from RNA using Prime Script RT-PCR kit (Takara, Japan). Lastly, cDNA was used to perform PCR on Real-Time PCR Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The primer pairs used for qRT-PCR were as follows:

FGF9 forward primer: 5ʹ- TGGACAGCCCGGTTTTGTTA −3ʹ,

reverse primer: 5ʹ- TCCAGAATGCCAAATCGGCT −3ʹ;

H19 forward primer: 5ʹ- ATCGGTGCCTCAGCGTTCGG −3ʹ,

reverse primer: 5ʹ- TCCTCGCCGTCACACCG −3ʹ;

GAPDH forward primer: 5ʹ- GGTGAAGGTCGGAGTCAACG −3ʹ,

reverse primer: 5ʹ- ACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCAATGA −3ʹ;

MiR-140-5p forward primer: 5ʹ- TGCGGCAGTGGTTTTACCCTATG −3ʹ,

reverse primer: 5ʹ- CCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT −3ʹ;

U6 forward primer: 5ʹ- GCTTCGGCAGCACATATACT-3ʹ,

reverse primer: 5ʹ- CGCTTCACGAATTTGCGTGT −3ʹ;

Overall Survival Analysis

We sort from high to low according to H19 expression, and select the top 50% as the high expression group and the last 50% as the low expression group. After allocating the patients into different groups, Kaplan–Meier survival curves were prepared for each of the patient groups. The clinical data were from 40 SCLC tissues of Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. The statistical significance of the prognosis difference was inferred with the Log rank test.

Vector Construction, si/shRNA Synthesis and Cell Transfection

The cDNA encoding the CDS of H19 was PCR-amplified by Thermo Scientific Phusion Flash High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix and subcloned into the EcoRI and NotI sites of the pcDNA3.1 vector, named pcDNA3.1-H19. The siRNAs and shRNA targeting H19, mi140-5p mimic and inhibitor were purchased from Suzhou Synbio Technologies. SCLC cells were transfected plasmid or siRNA according to appropriate cell density and manufacturer’s instructions. As to transient transfection of siRNA or miRNA, it was performed using lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen). Lipofectamine2000 (Invitrogen) was employed with plasmid transfection. The siRNA sequences were as follows:

siH19-1 sense: 5ʹ- ACGAGGCACUGCGGCCCAG −3ʹ;

siH19-2 sense: 5ʹ- GGCCAAGACGCCAGGUCCG −3ʹ;

siFGF9 sense: 5ʹ- CUGGAUUUCACUUAGAAAU −3ʹ;

siNC sense: 5ʹ- ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAA −3ʹ;

MiR-140-5p mimic sense: 5ʹ- CAGUGGUUUUACCCUAUGGUAG −3ʹ;

MiR-140-5p inhibitor sense: 5ʹ- CUACCAUAGGGUAAAACCACUG −3ʹ;

MiR-NC sense: 5ʹ- UUGUACUACACAAAAGUACUG −3ʹ;

Western Blotting

The protein samples were extracted via RIPA lysis from cells on ice, and the concentration was detected using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay (Pierce). The protein was boiled in 1* SDS loading buffer and loaded into 10% SDS-PAGE with 50 μg in each well and then transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes, which was then blocked in 5% skim milk powder solution. After washing, the primary antibodies against FGF9 (sc-8413, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or GAPDH (ab181602) were added and incubated overnight at 4°C. Next day, the membranes were incubated with secondary antibody for 1 h at RT after washed with TBST buffer 4 times (5 min each time). Then, they were washed with TBST 4 times (5 min each time). Lastly, signals were quantified and analyzed using the Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Sarasota, USA). GAPDH acts as an internal control.

Cell Counting Kit-8

For cancer cell proliferation assay, the cells were seeded into plate and transfected with siRNA, miRNA or plasmid according to appropriate protocol. At each time point, CCK-8 reagent was added into each well. After incubation, OD450 absorbance was measured to reflect cell viability.

Transwell Migration Assay

In vitro cell migration assay was detected using 8um pore-size transwell. 100µl cell suspension (1*104) were seeded into transwell. Then, transwell was put in 24-well plates. 600µl complete medium was added to the bottom wells of the chambers. After 24 h, the transwell was removed and fixed with methanol for 10min, the upper cells were scraped using cotton ball, the cells of bottom surface were stained with crystal violet.

Dual-Luciferase Report Assay

The wide-type or mutation type sequence of H19 was synthesized and cloned into pmirGLO luciferase vector with miR-140-5p. Then, cells were seeded into 24 well dish and co-transfected with relevant plasmid (H19-WT, H19-mut) and miR-140-5p. After incubation for 48 h, the luciferase activity was detected via Dual-luciferase reporter system.

RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) Assay

RIP was performed as described.18 The cells were harvested and lysed with lysis buffer (50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Igepal, 0.5% NP-40, 0.5 mM PMSF, 2 mM RVC, protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche)), then the supernatant was collected. 10% cell extract was used as Input, and the other part was co‐precipitated with antibodies rabbit anti-AGO2 (ab186733, 5ug) or IgG (ab109489, 5ug). The magnetic beads‐antibody complex was washing with RIP wash buffer (50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 300 mM NaCl, 0.05% Sodium Deoxycholate, 0.5% NP-40, 0.5 mM PMSF, 2 mM RVC, protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche)) for 4 times. Then, it was eluted with 100 µL cell elution buffer. After being detached by protease K, RNA of the samples and input was collected for the subsequent PCR quantification.

RNA Pull‐down

The biotin‐labeled RNA was in combination with Streptavidin C1 Dynabeads (cat: 65,002; invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The cells were harvested and lysed with lysis buffer (Ambion, Austin, TX). The lysate was incubated with bio-RNA-Beads complex overnight at 4°C on a rotating platform. After washing with wash buffer for 4 times, the bound RNA was extracted with Trizol, and H19 enrichment was determined by RT‐qPCR.

Statistical Analysis

The measurement data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation from at least three independent experiments. All statistical analyses were performed using Graphpad Prism software. Pearson analysis was used to determine the correlation between miR-140-5p and H19 or FGF9; t-test was used for difference comparison between experimental and control groups. P < 0.05 indicative of statistically significant.

Result

LncRNA H19 Was Overexpressed in SCLC Tissues and Cells

To elucidate the expressive discrepancy of H19 in SCLC tissues, NSCLC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues, qRT-PCR was performed from clinical specimens. We observed that H19 expression in SCLC tissues was obviously elevated compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues or NSCLC tissues (Figure 1A). Similarly, the expression of H19 was significantly higher in SCLC cell lines (H446, H69, SHP-77, DMS-53) than human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B or NSCLC cell lines (A549, H1299, H460, PC9) (Figure 1B). Then, we further investigated the correlations between H19 expression and clinicopathological features in SCLC tissues. Patients were divided into high and low expression groups according to the median level of H19 expression in SCLC tissues. The results illustrated that H19 upregulation was correlated with lymph node metastasis and disease stage, but not associated with patient age or smoking history (Table 1). Moreover, patients with high H19 expression had a significantly poorer prognosis than those with low H19 expression (Figure 1C). From these results above, it is implied that lncRNA H19 increased expression may be important in the progression of SCLC.

Figure 1

LncRNA H19 was up-expressed in SCLC tissues and cells. (A) H19 expression pattern was detected via qRT-PCR from SCLC tissues, NSCLC tissues and normal tissues. (B) H19 expression pattern was detected in small cell lung cancer cell lines (H446, H69, SHP-77, DMS-53), non-small cell lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1299, H460, PC9) and human normal lung epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). (C) The correlation between H19 expression and overall survival of SCLC cases was analyzed through the Kaplan–Meier method and log‐rank test. Data are reported as means ± SD. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.

Table 1

Correlation Between H19 Expression and Clinicopathological Features in SCLC Patients (n=40)

Variable	Total	H19 Expression		t/χ2	p
		Low	High
Age (years)				2.001	0.053
Mean±SD	63.13±7.61	60.68±6.86	65.33±7.74
Lymph node metastasis				19.839	<0.001
No	21	17	4
Yes	19	2	17
TNM stage				25.89	<0.001
I	21	18	3
II/III	19	1	18
Smoking history				2.489	0.115
No	11	3	8
Yes	29	16	13
Drinking history				0.835	0.361
No	30	13	17
Yes	10	6	4
Complications				1.568	0.210
No	19	11	8
Yes	21	8	13
Family history of cancer				0.007	0.935
No	25	12	13
Yes	15	7	8

Abbreviations: SCLC, small cell lung cancer; TNM, tumor node metastasis.

H19 Promoted SCLC Cell Proliferation and Migration

To determine whether H19 played a role in SCLC progression, the loss and gain of function study were conducted. We knocked down H19 expression via transfecting siRNA-H19 in H446 cell line and ectopically overexpressed H19 by transfecting pcDNA3.1-H19. We observed that H19 knockdown could inhibit cell proliferation, whereas overexpression of H19 increased this effect by CCK-8 assay (Figure 2A and B). Meanwhile, the shRNA for stable knockdown of H19 was constructed to silence H19 expression level (). Also, the results indicated that H19 stable knockdown decreased cell proliferative ability (). We next examined the function of H19 on cell migration capacity via transwell assay. The result indicated that H19 knockdown conspicuously suppressed SCLC cell migration capacity (Figure 2D, ). In contrast, H19 overexpression substantially enhanced SCLC cell migration capacity (Figure 2C). Therefore, these data strongly suggested that H19 played an oncogenic activity in SCLC cell progression.

Figure 2

H19 promoted SCLC cell proliferation and migration. (A) Cell proliferation capacity was validated in H446 cells which H19 was knocked down. (B) Cell proliferation ability was detected in DMS-53 cells which H19 was over-expression. (C) Cell migration ability was detected in DMS-53 cells which H19 was over-expression. (D) Cell migration capacity was validated in H446 cells which H19 was knocked down. Data are reported as means ± SD. **P<0.01.

H19 Directly Bound and Negative Regulated Expression of miR-140-5p

There is growing evidence that lncRNAs can function as ceRNAs by competitively binding miRNAs. We first predicted the potential targets of H19 using Starbase and RNA22 databases. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that H19 contained complementary sequence binding with miR-140-5p (Figure 3A). We found miR-140-5p expression in SCLC tissues was obviously lower than adjacent non-tumor tissues or NSCLC tissues (Figure 3B). To explore the correlation between H19 and miR-140-5p in SCLC tissues, RT-qPCR was performed and showed that H19 expression was inverse associated with the expression level of miR-140-5p (Figure 3C). To further verify whether H19 directly binds to miR-140-5p, we performed a dual-luciferase reporter assay. It showed that luciferase activity of H19-wt was obviously reduced in comparison with H19-mut group (Figure 3D). It is widely known that miRNA can bind Ago2 to posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. AGO2-RIP assay was performed to determine whether H19 bound to miR-140-5p in this way. The result implied that H19 was enriched in Ago2-RIP in miR-140-5p-transfected cells (Figure 3E). In addition, RNA pull-down assay further showed H19 expression level was largely enriched by bio-miR-140-5p (Figure 3F). Moreover, qRT-PCR results indicated that H19 significantly reduced miR-140-5p expression (Figure 3G). These results suggested that miR-140-5p directly bound to H19 and was negatively regulated by H19.

Figure 3

H19 directly bound and negative regulated expression of miR-140-5p. (A) A schematic outline of sequence sites of miR-140-5p targeted to H19 was predicted by bioinformatic analysis. (B) miR-140-5p expression pattern was detected via qRT-PCR from SCLC tissues, NSCLC tissues and normal tissues. (C) The relationship between mRNA expressions of H19 and miR-140-5p was examined in 40 SCLC tissues. (D) Dual-luciferase reporter assay was carried out to examine the luciferase activity of H19-wt group and H19-mut group. (E) The association between H19 and miR-140-5p was evaluated by Ago2-RIP assay. (F) RNA pull-down assay was used to detect the direct interaction between miR-140-5p and H19. (G) miR-140-5p expression was detected in H19 knockdown or overexpression cells via qRT-PCR. The Data are reported as means ± SD. **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.

H19 Promoted SCLC Progression Through Negative Regulation of miR-140-5p

MiR-140-5p has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene in multiple cancer progression. However, the function of miR-140-5p on small cell lung cancer is still unclear. To explore the relationship between H19 and miR-140-5p involving cancer cell proliferation and migration. Rescue experiments were performed through transfecting siRNA H19 and miR-140-5p inhibitor. The expression level of miR-140-5p was reversed by siRNA H19 (Figure 4A). By CCK8 assay, we found that H19 promoted cell proliferation, miR-140-5p inhibited cell proliferation, whereas when cells co-transfected with siRNA H19 and miR-140-5p inhibitor, miR-140-5p inhibitor could reverse the H19 knockdown mediated cell viability (Figure 4B). Similarly, transwell assay indicated that miR-140-5p inhibitor enhanced cell migration capacity reduced by H19 knockdown (Figure 4C). Taken together, these results implied that miR-140-5p inhibition could reverse H19 knockdown induced anti-tumor role in SCLC.

Figure 4

H19 promoted SCLC progression through negative regulation of miR-140-5p. (A) qRT-PCR validated the effect of miR-140-5p inhibitor to H19 knockdown mediated increase in miR-140-5p expression level. (B) miR-140-5p inhibitor rescued the function on cell proliferation capability after H19 knockdown via CCK-8 assay. (C) miR-140-5p inhibitor rescued the function on cell migration capability after H19 knockdown via transwell assay. Data are reported as means ± SD. *P<0.05; **P<0.01.

H19 Promoted SCLC Progression Through miR-140-5p/FGF9 Pathway

It is reported that miR-140-5p suppressed hepatocellular carcinoma progression by targeting fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9).19 Although FGF9 is strongly associated with malignant transformation and has been reported as a notable oncogene in several cancers.20,21 We ask whether H19 expedites SCLC development via targeting miR-140-5p/FGF9 axis. Firstly, we found that mRNA expression pattern of H19 was positive correlated with FGF9 through Spearman correlation analysis (Figure 5A). Then, rescue experiments have shown that H19 knockdown could reverse miR-140-5p inhibitor mediated increase in FGF mRNA and protein expression levels (Figure 5B and C). Furthermore, H19 overexpression could rescue the cell proliferation and migration capability restrained by FGF9 knockdown (Figure 5D and E). Overall, these results demonstrated that H19 promoted SCLC tumorigenesis by sponging miR-140-5p to increase FGF9 expression level.

Figure 5

H19 promoted SCLC progression through miR-140-5p/FGF9 pathway. (A) The relationship between mRNA expressions of H19 and FGF9 was examined in 40 SCLC tissues. (B) Western blot assay detected the expression of FGF9 in siH19 group, miR-140-5p inhibitor group, siH19 and miR-140-5p inhibitor group, GAPDH acted as reference gene. (C) qRT-PCR analysis was conducted to determine that miR-140-5p inhibitor reversed the H19 knockdown mediated FGF9 mRNA level. (D) H19 overexpression rescued the function on cell proliferation after FGF9 knockdown via CCK-8 assays. (E) H19 overexpression rescued the function on cell migration after FGF9 knockdown via transwell assays. Data are reported as means ± SD. **P<0.01.

Discussion

Over the past decade, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is defined as “refractory cancer” because of its widespread metastasis and poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of only 2–8%.22–24 In this context, unfortunately, SCLC patients are still short of effective therapies. Hence, SCLC urgently needs treatment innovation. Increasing evidence shows that lncRNAs play an important role in the occurrence and development of many cancers, including solid and blood tumors.25–28 However, very few studies have involved small cell lung cancer. For example, Linc00173 promotes chemoresistance of small cell lung cancer by sponging miR-218.29 LncRNA TUG1 is involved in small cell lung cancer progression by regulating LIMK2b expression.30

In this study, we first uncovered the role of H19 in small cell lung cancer progression. H19, a highly conserved lncRNA, is abnormally expressed in human malignant tumors, and regulates the hallmarks of cancer through various molecular mechanisms, thus playing a carcinogenic or anti-cancer role.10,31 However, the role of H19 in small cell lung cancer has not been reported. Our study found that H19 was significantly upregulated in SCLC tissues and cell lines compared to NSCLC tissue and adjacent tissues and cells. Subsequently, we explored the function of H19 on proliferation and migration of SCLC cells. We demonstrated that H19 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration ability of SCLC. Combining these results, we proposed that H19 may be an important oncogene marker in the progression of SCLC.

One of the main mechanisms of lncRNAs is that they can regulate the function of corresponding target genes by binding miRNAs, thereby affecting the development of tumors.8,32 We discovered that H19 directly bound and negative regulated expression of miR-140-5p. MiR-140-5p has previously been documented as a tumor suppressor gene in many studies.33,34 Following, we uncovered that FGF9 was a direct target of miR-140-5p in SCLC, which has been reported as a notable oncogene in several cancers. It is worth noting that the expression level of FGF9 is co-regulated by H19 and miR-140-5p in small cell lung cancer cell lines. In addition, the cell phenotype caused by FGF9 silencing was eliminated via H19 overexpression. In summary, all data show that H19 acted as a sponge of miR-140-5p to isolate FGF9 during SCLC progression.

Conclusion

Take together, we reported an important oncogene lncRNA H19 in SCLC progression. Our results indicated that knockdown of H19 could significantly reduce the ability of cell proliferation and metastasis. Moreover, H19 promoted SCLC tumorigenesis through miR-140-5p/FGF9 axis, which further emphasizes the potential of this axis in SCLC diagnosis and therapy. However, the detailed mechanism of H19 in SCLC still needs to be further explored.