Alan E Simon1, Katherine A Ahrens2. 1. Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland; and alan.simon@nih.gov. 2. Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) revised its infant vitamin D intake guidelines in 2008. We aimed to examine previously unexplored trends in meeting vitamin D intake guidelines among US infants since 2009 and whether there were differences across demographic subgroups. METHODS: We analyzed dietary recall data for infants 0 to 11 months in the 2009-2016 NHANES. We estimated the percentage meeting 2008 AAP vitamin D guidelines, defined as consuming ≥1 L of infant formula and/or receiving a vitamin D supplement of ≥400 IU. We used Poisson regressions to assess trends over time and differences across demographic subgroups. RESULTS: Overall, 27.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24.3%-29.8%) of US infants in 2009-2016 met vitamin D intake guidelines, with nonbreastfeeding infants (31.1% [95% CI: 27.6%-34.5%]) more likely to meet guidelines than breastfeeding infants (20.5% [95% CI: 15.4%-25.5%]; P < .01). From 2009-2010 to 2015-2016, overall and for both breastfeeding and nonbreastfeeding infants, there were no significant changes over time in the percentage of infants who met the guidelines (P > .05). Among breastfeeding infants, those with a family income ≥400% of the federal poverty level, with a college graduate head of household, and with private insurance were more likely to meet guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Among US infants, we observed no increase in meeting AAP vitamin D intake guidelines since 2009. Less than 40% of infants met guidelines in nearly all demographic subgroups. These findings suggest renewed consideration of how to best meet vitamin D intake guidelines.
BACKGROUND: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) revised its infant vitamin D intake guidelines in 2008. We aimed to examine previously unexplored trends in meeting vitamin D intake guidelines among US infants since 2009 and whether there were differences across demographic subgroups. METHODS: We analyzed dietary recall data for infants 0 to 11 months in the 2009-2016 NHANES. We estimated the percentage meeting 2008 AAPvitamin D guidelines, defined as consuming ≥1 L of infant formula and/or receiving a vitamin D supplement of ≥400 IU. We used Poisson regressions to assess trends over time and differences across demographic subgroups. RESULTS: Overall, 27.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24.3%-29.8%) of US infants in 2009-2016 met vitamin D intake guidelines, with nonbreastfeeding infants (31.1% [95% CI: 27.6%-34.5%]) more likely to meet guidelines than breastfeeding infants (20.5% [95% CI: 15.4%-25.5%]; P < .01). From 2009-2010 to 2015-2016, overall and for both breastfeeding and nonbreastfeeding infants, there were no significant changes over time in the percentage of infants who met the guidelines (P > .05). Among breastfeeding infants, those with a family income ≥400% of the federal poverty level, with a college graduate head of household, and with private insurance were more likely to meet guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Among US infants, we observed no increase in meeting AAPvitamin D intake guidelines since 2009. Less than 40% of infants met guidelines in nearly all demographic subgroups. These findings suggest renewed consideration of how to best meet vitamin D intake guidelines.
Authors: Giuseppe Saggese; Francesco Vierucci; Annemieke M Boot; Justyna Czech-Kowalska; Giovanna Weber; Carlos A Camargo; Eric Mallet; Margherita Fanos; Nick J Shaw; Michael F Holick Journal: Eur J Pediatr Date: 2015-04-02 Impact factor: 3.183
Authors: Pawel Pludowski; Michael F Holick; William B Grant; Jerzy Konstantynowicz; Mario R Mascarenhas; Afrozul Haq; Vladyslav Povoroznyuk; Nataliya Balatska; Ana Paula Barbosa; Tatiana Karonova; Ema Rudenka; Waldemar Misiorowski; Irina Zakharova; Alena Rudenka; Jacek Łukaszkiewicz; Ewa Marcinowska-Suchowierska; Natalia Łaszcz; Pawel Abramowicz; Harjit P Bhattoa; Sunil J Wimalawansa Journal: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol Date: 2017-02-12 Impact factor: 4.292
Authors: Barbara Crocker; Tim J Green; Susan I Barr; Bridgid Beckingham; Radhika Bhagat; Beata Dabrowska; Rachel Douthwaite; Carmen Evanson; Russell Friesen; Kathy Hydamaka; Wangyang Li; Kelly Simmons; Lillian Tse Journal: BMC Public Health Date: 2011-12-07 Impact factor: 3.295