Jie Hong1, Jing Fu1, Yi-Di Wang1, Bo-Wen Zhao1, Lei Li1. 1. Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China.
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prevalence of heterophoria and the relationship between heterophoria and refractive error in a school-based study conducted in central China. METHODS: A total of 2363 7th-grade children were recruited into the cross-sectional school-based Anyang Childhood Eye Study (ACES) by cluster sampling method. Heterophoria was examined using alternate cover and cover-uncover testing. The Maddox rod and prism test were conducted at 33 cm and 6 m distance fixation. Uncorrected viual acuity (UCVA) and best-corrected viual acuity (BCVA) were recorded as logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) with cycloplegic autorefraction by administrating of Mydrin-P and 1.0% cyclopentolate. Hyperopia was defined as the spherical equivalent (SE) refraction of +0.50 D or greater, and higher hyperopia was defined as +2.00 D or greater. Emmetropia was defined as the SE refraction in the range of -0.49 to +0.49 D, and myopia was in the SE refraction range from -0.50 D to less. RESULTS: Totally 2260 students in grade 7 were examined. Response rate among eligible children was 95.64%. Totally 486 children, 22.66% of the population, were diagnosed with heterophoria in which 479 were diagnosed with exophoria at near distance, and 6 with esophoria. Totally 89 (4.15%) children were diagnosed with heterophoria in which 82 had exophoria, and 7 had esophoria at far distance. Exophoria was common at near fixation (22.33%). Myopia was examined to be related to exophoria at near distance (OR 3.03, 95%CI 2.33-3.95) and far distance fixation (OR 1.90, 95%CI 1.09-3.32). CONCLUSION: Exophoria is a predominant heterophoria for 7th-grade junior school in central China. Significant associations are discovered between heterophoria and refractive error. Hyperopia is associated with esophoria, and myopia is associated with exophoria. International Journal of Ophthalmology Press.
AIM: To investigate the prevalence of heterophoria and the relationship between heterophoria and refractive error in a school-based study conducted in central China. METHODS: A total of 2363 7th-grade children were recruited into the cross-sectional school-based Anyang Childhood Eye Study (ACES) by cluster sampling method. Heterophoria was examined using alternate cover and cover-uncover testing. The Maddox rod and prism test were conducted at 33 cm and 6 m distance fixation. Uncorrected viual acuity (UCVA) and best-corrected viual acuity (BCVA) were recorded as logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) with cycloplegic autorefraction by administrating of Mydrin-P and 1.0% cyclopentolate. Hyperopia was defined as the spherical equivalent (SE) refraction of +0.50 D or greater, and higher hyperopia was defined as +2.00 D or greater. Emmetropia was defined as the SE refraction in the range of -0.49 to +0.49 D, and myopia was in the SE refraction range from -0.50 D to less. RESULTS: Totally 2260 students in grade 7 were examined. Response rate among eligible children was 95.64%. Totally 486 children, 22.66% of the population, were diagnosed with heterophoria in which 479 were diagnosed with exophoria at near distance, and 6 with esophoria. Totally 89 (4.15%) children were diagnosed with heterophoria in which 82 had exophoria, and 7 had esophoria at far distance. Exophoria was common at near fixation (22.33%). Myopia was examined to be related to exophoria at near distance (OR 3.03, 95%CI 2.33-3.95) and far distance fixation (OR 1.90, 95%CI 1.09-3.32). CONCLUSION: Exophoria is a predominant heterophoria for 7th-grade junior school in central China. Significant associations are discovered between heterophoria and refractive error. Hyperopia is associated with esophoria, and myopia is associated with exophoria. International Journal of Ophthalmology Press.
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