Evaluating the alert appropriateness of clinical decision support systems in supporting clinical workflow.

The overwhelming number of medication alerts generated by clinical decision support systems (CDSS) has led to inappropriate alert overrides, which may lead to unintended patient harm. This review highlights the factors affecting the alert appropriateness of CDSS and barriers to the fit of CDSS alert with clinical workflow. A literature review was conducted to identify features and functions pertinent to CDSS alert appropriateness using the five rights of CDSS. Moreover, a process improvement method, namely, Lean, was used as a tool to optimise clinical workflows, and the appropriate design for CDSS alert using a human automation interaction (HAI) model was recommended. Evaluating the appropriateness of CDSS alert and its impact on workflow provided insights into how alerts can be designed and triggered effectively to support clinical workflow. The application of Lean methods and tools to analyse alert efficiencies in supporting workflow in this study provides an in-depth understanding of alert-workflow fit problems and their root cause, which is required for improving CDSS design. The application of the HAI model is recommended in the design of CDSS alerts to support various levels and stages of alert automations, namely, information acquisition and analysis, decision action and action implementation.