Tobacco control policy and smoking among older Americans: An analysis of a nationally-representative longitudinal sample (1992-2014).

Smoking has decreased less rapidly among older adults than among the working age population in the United States. This study examines whether tobacco control policy, specifically smoke-free laws and increased cigarette prices, are associated with smoking cessation and lower smoking intensity among older adults. In addition, it considers whether the effect of smoke-free laws varied by labor force participation. Using geocoded longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement study collected from 1992 to 2014, I estimate survival models to evaluate the association between the implementation of city, county, and state smoke-free laws, changes in average state cigarette pack price, and smoking cessation among smokers. I then interact labor force status with smoke-free laws to assess whether the associations differ for retired versus employed respondents. Second, I estimate within-person fixed effects models to evaluate the association between the implementation of smoke-free laws, changes in average state cigarette pack price, and smoking intensity among smokers. Models were stratified by labor force status to assess whether the associations varied by labor force participation. All analyses were also stratified by age into younger (51-64) and older (65+) respondents. Neither the implementation of smoke-free laws nor increases in cigarette prices were associated with greater smoking cessation or lower smoking intensity. There was no evidence that labor force participation was associated with greater responsiveness to smoke-free laws. The results suggest that two of the most popular tobacco control policy tools in the US, smoke-free laws and cigarette prices, may be less effective among older adults.