Proposed Workflow for Rehabilitation in a Field Hospital Setting during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has challenged healthcare facilities throughout the world. Historic models project that 30% of hospitalized COVID‐19 patients will need rehabilitation following their illness, and 20% more will need in‐home care.1 These numbers likely represent hundreds of thousands of patients worldwide and may underestimate the actual need because of the increased risk of functional decline seen in high‐risk groups such as older patients and patients with preexisting comorbidities. Additionally, COVID‐19 has been associated with significant cardiopulmonary impairment including arrhythmia, myocardial injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome2 and numerous potential neurologic deficits, including ataxia, encephalopathy, myopathy, and cerebral vascular accidents, with more severe cases carrying an increased risk of neurologic injury.3

Providing sufficient rehabilitation care is a particular challenge for regions with high per‐capita infections that have to rely on temporary field hospitals to supplement over‐capacity hospitals. Unfortunately, there exists no framework for distributing rehabilitation care in field hospitals during a pandemic, and traditional models for disaster care focus on triaging patients after traumatic events (natural disaster, war zone).4 Field hospitals are designed to maximize bed capacity and likely do not allocate space solely for rehabilitation; providers must therefore think of innovative ways to deliver care in this atypical setting. In the case of the authors' field hospital, original plans were for one physical therapist per 100 patients until members of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation became involved in facility planning.

Complicating matters, typical options for post‐illness rehabilitation may not be available ‐ skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) and inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) may not accept COVID‐19 positive patients because of a lack of resources and concern for infectious spread among existing patients.1 Furthermore, even if these facilities accept COVID‐19 positive patients, there are not enough beds nor personal protective equipment (PPE) to accommodate all patients who will require rehabilitation following acute hospitalization.1, 5

Without rehabilitation, numerous patients may require extra days in the field hospital setting, taking up needed bed space and increasing use of PPE and healthcare personnel. The best way to prevent COVID‐19 hospitalizations is to prevent viral spread; the best way to improve throughput and reduce length of stay once hospitals are full is to address modifiable factors. Much of the disablement related to COVID‐19 is likely modifiable with rehabilitation interventions.

We propose the following framework to triage rehabilitation care in a resource‐limited environment during a pandemic, such as a field hospital (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Proposed triage of rehabilitation care at a field hospital.

Traditional Hospital‐Based Acute Care Therapy: Change the Trajectory

Acute care represents the time when patients first develop impairments from the disease, and therefore rehabilitation is an essential intervention for patients with functional deficits who can participate.6 Rehabilitation at this level is likely more accessible than in a field hospital but should still be dosed to accommodate staffing and PPE limitations. For more functionally impaired patients, twice‐daily therapy ‐ similar to what one would receive at a skilled nursing facility ‐ should be offered if available, and patients with barriers to discharge involving physical limitations should be prioritized.

The goal of hospital‐based therapy is to “change the trajectory” that patients are on. That is, reducing debility through early intervention may obviate the need for patients to be discharged to a SNF or IRF, reduce the level of rehabilitation needed in the more resource‐constrained field hospital, and/or reduce overall length of stay.

Field Hospital Rehabilitation

In resource‐constrained environments such as field hospitals, rehabilitation must be distributed strategically to patients. We propose a hierarchy of need based on patients who are clinically stable and who have barriers to discharge home that can be overcome with rehabilitation (Table 1).

Table 1

Hierarchy for distributing rehabilitation care in resource‐limited field hospitals

Greatest need	Moderate need	Little/no need
Clinically stable >24 h	Severe disability (discharge to inpatient rehabilitation)	Clinically unstable
Has focused, attainable rehabilitation goals	High oxygen demands	Cannot tolerate therapy
Physical impairment is barrier to discharge	Rehabilitation may not overcome barriers to discharge	No significant physical or cognitive impairments

To distribute resources, we developed the Rapid COVID‐19 Rehabilitation Assessment (RCovR) to identify patients with rehabilitation needs (Figure 2). This assessment tool was created based on clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients and from components of an assessment published by the International Rehabilitation Forum7 and the Barthel Index.8 The assessment is designed to be brief given the high volume and rapid rate of patients admitted to the field hospital setting, so it does sacrifice granularity for the sake of being administered in this setting.

Figure 2

Screening tool for triaging field hospital patients.

We will determine the RCovR tool's content validity based on its accuracy of identifying patients who need (and do not need) rehabilitation care. This includes reviewing how many patient scores indicated high rehabilitation needs and whether those patients ended up receiving therapy. Patients who continued to receive therapy during their stay at the field hospital would be considered to have actually needed rehabilitation because a physical therapist or physiatrist would have evaluated the patient and continued (or discontinued) therapies based on the patient's clinical presentation. Additionally, the RCovR tool will be evaluated from a feasibility standpoint, as the providers who screen patients with this tool will be asked to evaluate its effectiveness and ease of use. The number of times the tool was used compared to the number of patients admitted to the field hospital will also be recorded, because if the tool is arduous to use or perceived to be inaccurate, triage personnel may stop using it. Unfortunately, it would be difficult to compare the RCovR tool with other assessments, as triage must be efficient and field hospital care and extra assessments for the purposes of clinical research should be minimized.

In addition to function, the assessment also evaluates patients based on their clinical status with regard to COVID‐19, such as how much oxygen they require and whether their status is worsening or stable. Unstable patients may need to transfer to a traditional hospital setting, and patients with high supplemental oxygen demands may not be able to participate in therapy. It also takes into account cognition, as deficits may be a sign of neurologic damage from the disease (and therefore rehabilitation is indicated). Of course, patients with impaired cognition may have delirium without a brain injury and still benefit from field hospital rehabilitation. In addition to adding exercise to their field hospital care, skilled therapy and/or physiatric evaluation allows for routine reassessments of their cognitive status, which may improve during their stay at the field hospital. Regardless of the degree of cognitive impairment, these patients will likely benefit from seeing a physiatrist and/or other rehabilitation team members as an outpatient once discharged. Evaluating cognition on admission would presume to increase the likelihood that patients with deficits are seen by appropriate providers and eventually be transitioned to outpatient care.

Patients with more impaired function and who have clear barriers to discharge modifiable with rehabilitation intervention ‐ including not being able to navigate steps to enter their house and requiring assistance for transfers ‐ will be triaged to receive as much physical and occupational therapy as resources allow, with physiatry involvement as indicated to help with discharge planning and symptom management. This may reduce length of stay by addressing a patient's physical barriers to discharge during the time they would be under medical observation and allow discharge as soon as they are clinically stable (eg, afebrile for 3 d with stable oxygen demand).

The second level of need is for patients with less clearly defined goals, which will receive rehabilitation care if available. Patients in this category may have an uncertain caregiver situation, have delirium or other cognitive deficit limiting their ability to carry over learned information, or have too many impairments to realistically be able to be discharged home directly from a field hospital with the rehabilitation resources available. These patients should still receive physical and/or occupational therapy if available but may still require discharge to a SNF or IRF when that level of care is available. A third level is for patients who either do not require rehabilitation or are too ill to participate (eg, too high or worsening oxygen requirements, or obtunded). All therapies should be tailored to individual needs as much as possible.

To increase physical activity options for patients, rehabilitation personnel should be utilized in flexible positions. For example, many rehabilitation technicians and physical therapy assistants could carry out the work of a medical or nursing assistant (such as checking vitals) while also being able to mobilize patients with proper mobility techniques to enhance physical activity (eg, walking programs). As an example, during down time or at the time of checking routine vital signs, a physical therapy assistant can walk with a patient. This not only increases the amount of physical activity in the day but also allows for measuring of oxygen saturation and blood pressure during activity.

All patients should receive education about exercises they can perform while in bed and information about ensuring a safe discharge (Figure 3).

Figure 3

Education sheet to be given to all patients.

Field Hospital: Acute Inpatient and Subacute Rehabilitation

The rehabilitation course of patients at field hospitals will be dependent on available therapy and equipment resources. Patients with greater need should be prioritized, such as those with premorbid disabling conditions. Given the high volume of patients in a field hospital setting, identifying patients who need rehabilitation may be inaccurate at times and lack granularity. Using the previously described triage system, however, is one way for patients to be evaluated by a physiatrist or physical and/or occupational therapist. From there, a more specific triage of needs is possible. For example, the RCovR tool may indicate that 25% of patients admitted to the field hospital require rehabilitation, triggering an evaluation by a rehabilitation team member. That team member may then discover that the patient is severely impaired from critical illness neuropathy and require intensive rehabilitation in an IRF setting when available. Other times, it may be clear that with 1‐2 sessions a day of skilled therapy, a patient will be able to overcome barriers to discharge without additional rehabilitation beyond the field hospital.

If patients are considered good candidates for an ongoing inpatient rehabilitation program, transition to an accepting inpatient rehabilitation facility or subacute rehabilitation facility can be considered. If these programs are not available to infected patients, the physical and occupational therapists should continue to follow these patients as frequently as they are able.

Field hospitals are designed to efficiently house as many patients as possible in a defined area, but if sufficient space is available at a field hospital, we recommend that therapy equipment such as exercise bikes, treadmills, and training mats be made available, particularly for patients requiring more intensive rehabilitation and/or aerobic conditioning. If space is limited, priority should be given to pieces of equipment that represent the best balance between optimal therapeutic utility and ease/effectiveness of decontamination. Available space and what the health system can purchase or bring from the main hospital will ultimately dictate what equipment can be used.

When a field hospital has no dedicated space for rehabilitation, patients should receive appropriate ongoing therapies and be provided with information regarding bed exercises, exercises with family, and home exercise programs that appropriately address the symptoms of the disease. Digital resources represent an appealing medium as most rehabilitation providers in developed nations can access them, and they can be updated as more information becomes available.

Discharge and Home Care

Typical discharge planning services, such as social work and care management providers, may not be available to patients in a field hospital. Additionally, discharge teaching and education may be abbreviated or eliminated altogether given the high volume of patients and chaotic nature of the setting. To prevent lapses in postdischarge care, and to give patients guidance on what to do after they leave the field hospital, all patients discharged from a field hospital setting should be provided with education explaining steps they can take to optimize their overall health and function once home (Figure 3). If available, virtual visits by home care physical and/or occupational therapists should be arranged for those who need it.

Records of the patients who required increased rehabilitation care at the field hospital should be kept in a secure manner so that these patients can be contacted postdischarge to establish follow‐up rehabilitation care.

Conclusion

Many COVID‐19 patients admitted to field hospitals will require rehabilitation care and there may not be a clear discharge pathway to SNFs and IRFs. Given the resource‐constrained nature of the field hospital, with limited staffing and equipment, identifying patients with severe disability and/or rehabilitation‐modifiable barriers to discharge should be prioritized for interventions such as skilled physical therapy and physiatrist consultation.