Mikako Yasuoka1, Isao Muraki1, Hironori Imano1, Hiroshige Jinnouchi2, Yasuhiko Kubota3, Mina Hayama-Terada3,4, Mitsumasa Umesawa5,6, Kazumasa Yamagishi6, Tetsuya Ohira7, Akihiko Kitamura8, Takeo Okada3, Masahiko Kiyama3, Hiroyasu Iso1,6. 1. Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan. 2. Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan. 3. Osaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Osaka, Japan. 4. Public Health Center of Yao City, Yao, Japan. 5. School of Medicine, Dokkyo University, Mibu, Japan. 6. Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Service Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. 7. Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan. 8. Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although evidence about skeletal muscle mass loss and type 2 diabetes risk has accumulated, little information is available on the combined effect of skeletal muscle mass and abdominal obesity on type 2 diabetes. We examined whether skeletal muscle mass and abdominal obesity were synergistically associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Skeletal muscle mass and waist circumference (WC) were measured in 1515 Japanese aged 40 to 69 years. Relative muscle mass was calculated as percentage of total skeletal muscle mass in body weight (SMM%). Type 2 diabetes was identified as fasting serum glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), nonfasting serum glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5%, and/or diabetes medication use. RESULTS: The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of prevalent diabetes from the lowest to the third quartile of SMM% compared to the highest quartile gradually increased in both sexes. The association between a high WC and prevalent diabetes was similar. The multivariable-adjusted OR (95% confidence intervals) for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the low skeletal muscle mass/high WC group was 3.19 (1.78-5.71) for men and 4.46 (2.09-9.51) for women compared with the high skeletal muscle mass/low WC group. The relative excess risk due to interaction was 2.2 (0.5-3.9) in men and 2.8 (0.2-5.3) in women for an excess burden of type 2 diabetes for low skeletal muscle mass and high WC. CONCLUSIONS: Low skeletal muscle mass and abdominal obesity were synergistically associated with presence of type 2 diabetes.
BACKGROUND: Although evidence about skeletal muscle mass loss and type 2 diabetes risk has accumulated, little information is available on the combined effect of skeletal muscle mass and abdominal obesity on type 2 diabetes. We examined whether skeletal muscle mass and abdominal obesity were synergistically associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Skeletal muscle mass and waist circumference (WC) were measured in 1515 Japanese aged 40 to 69 years. Relative muscle mass was calculated as percentage of total skeletal muscle mass in body weight (SMM%). Type 2 diabetes was identified as fasting serum glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), nonfasting serum glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5%, and/or diabetes medication use. RESULTS: The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of prevalent diabetes from the lowest to the third quartile of SMM% compared to the highest quartile gradually increased in both sexes. The association between a high WC and prevalent diabetes was similar. The multivariable-adjusted OR (95% confidence intervals) for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the low skeletal muscle mass/high WC group was 3.19 (1.78-5.71) for men and 4.46 (2.09-9.51) for women compared with the high skeletal muscle mass/low WC group. The relative excess risk due to interaction was 2.2 (0.5-3.9) in men and 2.8 (0.2-5.3) in women for an excess burden of type 2 diabetes for low skeletal muscle mass and high WC. CONCLUSIONS: Low skeletal muscle mass and abdominal obesity were synergistically associated with presence of type 2 diabetes.