Pulmonary contusion mimicking COVID-19: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a major public health emergency with obvious characteristics of human-to-human transmission, and there are infective asymptomatic carriers. Early identification and proper management of patients with COVID-19 are important. Features in chest computed tomography (CT) can facilitate identifying newly infected individuals. However, CT findings of some lung contusions are similar to those of COVID-19, as shown in the present case. CASE
SUMMARY: A 46-year-old woman was admitted to hospital for backache and foot pain caused by a fall injury 1 d before hospitalization. She was suspected of having COVID-19, since there was a confirmed COVID-19 case near her residence. But she had no fever, cough, chest tightness, difficult breathing, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, etc. On physical examination, the lower posterior chest of both sides showed dullness on percussion and moist rales at the end of inspiration on auscultation. The white blood cell count and lymphocyte count were 10.88 × 109/L and 1.04 × 109/L, respectively. CT performed on February 7, 2020 revealed that both lungs were scattered with patchy ground-glass opacity. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary contusion with thoracic spinal fracture (T12), calcaneal fracture, and pelvic fracture. On day 9 after conservative treatment, her condition was alleviated. On review of the chest CT, the previous shadows were significantly reduced.
CONCLUSION: Differential diagnosis of lung contusion and COVID-19 must be emphasized. Both conditions require effective prompt actions, especially COVID-19. ©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core tip: A 46-year-old female trauma patient had pulmonary contusion that showed similar computed tomography findings to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 1 d after injury. Her epidemiological history highly suggested COVID-19. However, the patient was not tested for COVID-19, and the imaging features improved after conservative treatment. This report suggests that in view of the risk of COVID-19, all trauma patients should undergo epidemiological investigations and chest computed tomography examinations, and strict and standardized processing procedures are needed.

INTRODUCTION

Since December 2019, a new type of coronavirus pneumonia that occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China has spread rapidly in China, and it is likely to spread worldwide[1-3]. The World Health Organization defined the new coronavirus pneumonia as a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020, and officially named the new disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on February 11, 2020.

COVID-19 is currently a major public health emergency with obvious characteristics of human-to-human transmission and probable clustering onset, and there are infective asymptomatic carriers[4,5]. It also can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome[6]. Due to its transmissibility and severity, there is possible sustained transmission of COVID-19 beyond China[7]. Early identification and proper management of patients with COVID-19 are important. Characteristics on chest computed tomography (CT), clinical features, and epidemiological history can facilitate identifying new cases of COVID-19[8-10].

Pulmonary contusion is the most common complication of blunt chest injury[11], and is defined as alveolar consolidation or ground-glass opacity (GGO)[12]. Some trauma patients with pulmonary contusion may show similar CT images to patients with COVID-19, which could confuse the clinical diagnosis and treatment, and even result in serious situations if precautions were not taken when COVID-19 was diagnosed.

In the present paper, we report a trauma patient with pulmonary contusion whose CT imaging showed similar features to those of COVID-19, and we provide suggestions on management for trauma patients during the COVID-19 epidemic.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 46-year-old woman was admitted to hospital due to backache and foot pain for 1 d caused by a fall injury.

History of present illness

The patient accidentally fell from a height of 3 m due to mental abnormality. After the injury, she felt persistent pain in the lower back, pelvis, and calcaneus, accompanied by a sense of swelling, restricted movement of the lower back and feet, and no local skin rupture or bleeding. At that time, there was no fever, cough, chest tightness, or difficult breathing and no discomfort such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. She presented to hospital after 1 d due to severe pain.

History of past illness

She had a history of mental disorder 1 year ago and took medication intermittently. She had no history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, or diabetes. Since December 2019, there had been no history of residence in Wuhan or Hubei Province, and no contact with diagnosed or suspected COVID-19 patients, but there was a confirmed case near her residence.

Physical examination

The vital signs were stable on admission. The patient’s temperature was 36.6 °C. Bruises were seen in the back and calcaneus without skin rupture. The lower posterior chest of both sides showed dullness on percussion and moist rales at the end of inspiration on auscultation.

Laboratory examinations

The laboratory findings showed slightly elevated white blood cell count (10.88 × 109/L) and lowered lymphocyte count (1.04 × 109/L) on February 8, 2020. All other values including coagulation, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were within normal limits. However, on review of blood test on February 9, 2020, the white blood cell count and lymphocyte count were 8.39 × 109/ L and 1.29 × 109/ L, respectively.

Imaging examination upon admission

On February 7, 2020, X-ray examination confirmed compressed fracture of the 12th thoracic vertebra and fracture of the spinous process of the 11th thoracic vertebra and the calcaneus of both sides. Chest CT performed on February 7, 2020 revealed patchy GGOs scattered in both lungs (Figure 1A) and discontinuity of the cortex in the 12th thoracic vertebrae and pubic bone on both sides, and CT of the head and abdomen showed no obvious signs of trauma. Although COVID-19 was highly suspected, no nucleic acid test was performed, as the white blood cell count and lymphocyte count showed an alleviated condition.

Figure 1

Computed tomography findings. A: Computed tomography performed on February 7, 2020 showed diffused patchy shadows in both lungs, with the outer lungs predominating; B: On February 15, 2020, a review of the chest computed tomography revealed that the patchy shadows of both lungs were reduced but had not completely dissipated.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The patient was diagnosed with a pulmonary contusion with thoracic spinal fracture (T12), calcaneal fracture, and pelvic fracture.

TREATMENT

After hospitalization, the patient was treated as a case of general trauma. Isolation, prevention, and control measures for infection were not taken. On day 4 after injury, the patient’s condition worsened and she was transferred to the intensive care unit. After improvement with conservative treatment with antibiotics and expectorants, she was transferred to the respiratory department and discharged on day 9 after injury. Fractures were only treated conservatively.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

She was discharged on day 9 after injury. A chest CT scan performed on February 15, 2020 showed that the lung contusion was alleviated, but it had not completely dissipated (Figure 1B).

DISCUSSION

COVID-19 is characterized by obvious human-to-human transmission, probable clustering onset, and infective asymptomatic carriers, and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome[1,4,5,10,13]. Early identification and proper management of patients with COVID-19 are important.

The route of COVID-19 infection is mainly through the respiratory tract, namely, the nasopharyngeal cavity → trachea → bronchus → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveoli. Throughout the process, the virus evades surveillance of the defense system including the tonsils and mucous membranes of various parts of the respiratory tract, goes straight to the lung lobules, and rapidly replicates to cause lung consolidation. Therefore, its pathophysiological changes usually start from the center of the lobule, which usually appears initially as small, frosted, glass-like shadows, or may diffuse to the surroundings, mainly under the pleura. In severe cases, the leaflets are fused into a large film, and even diffusely distributed.

Several studies have demonstrated that chest CT characteristics can facilitate identifying newly infected cases of COVID-19[9,14-17]. CT features of COVID-19 are diverse, including pure or mixed GGOs with a patchy to confluent or nodular shape, consolidations, and crazy-paving appearance, and they can be located in the central or peripheral areas of the posterior lungs, with peripheral lesions dominating their distribution. The hallmarks of COVID-19 infection on imaging are bilateral and peripheral GGO and consolidative pulmonary opacity, but almost 56% of early patients with COVID-19 had normal CT[14]. The features change throughout the disease course. As the disease progresses, GGOs may exist in the subpleural area of one or both lungs. Changes in CT may proceed rapidly with increased density of GGOs, and then progress into consolidations with perilobular thickening. Multifocal peripheral patchy areas of nodular consolidations and nodular GGO lesions can also be seen in subpleural areas in the lower lobes[17,18]. Chest CT plays a vital role in early detection, observation, and evaluation of COVID-19. Increasing numbers, extent, and density of GGOs on CT indicate disease progression[16].

Pulmonary contusion is defined as alveolar consolidation or GGO[12], which is similar to CT images of COVID-19 pneumonia (Figure 2). It may develop in accidental injuries such as traffic accidents, falls, bumps, and crushes, and is characterized by parenchymal hemorrhage, interstitial edema, and alveolar collapse, which potentially lead to compromised respiratory function[19]. The pathological changes of pulmonary contusion are mainly damage to lung parenchymal cells, alveolar and capillary bleeding, pulmonary interstitial edema, atelectasis, and pulmonary consolidation. Pulmonary contusion generally begins with mild interstitial edema after injury; interstitial hemorrhage occurs after 1-2 h, and becomes apparent after 4 h, subsequently with exudation of monocytes and neutrophils. Protein, red blood cells, and many inflammatory cells appear in the alveoli, and the normal alveolar structure begins to disappear. Normally, pulmonary contusion starts to be absorbed within 7-10 d, and could return to normal without leaving any traces. Therefore, according to the amount of alveolar hemorrhage, chest CT of pulmonary contusions can appear as patchy or disseminated GGO because of a large volume of alveolar blood and/or consolidation as a result of a large volume of blood in the alveoli; the edges are blurred, and the dorsal subpleural distribution is dominant.

Figure 2

Comparison of 2019 novel coronavirus disease and pulmonary contusion on computed tomography imaging. A and B: Typical computed tomography findings of 2019 novel coronavirus disease[18]; C: Lung contusion secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation[12]; D: Lung contusion of an 18-year-old woman following a motor vehicle accident[20].

On imaging, lung contusion is different from COVID-19 in that the former has a significantly higher proportion of consolidation than the latter, and the former is often combined with bilateral pleural effusion and subpleural atelectasis.

In addition, over time, according to the characteristics of the above two diseases, follow-up chest CT has different trends. COVID-19 may show the following imaging changes. First, some cases can be improved. The extent or number of lesions reduces; the density of GGO increases and transforms into consolidation; and the edges of the consolidations become flat or contracted. The increase in the extent and density of some lesions may be caused by secondary alveolar pulmonary edema, increased exudation, increased mucus, combined bacterial infection, and the beginning of mechanization. Second, some cases show successive imaging changes, that is, some lesions improve and are absorbed, and new lesions appear. This may be caused by the delayed inflammatory response in some lung regions. Finally, some cases become exacerbated, showing an increase in the extent and number of lesions. There is a “white lung” change that pervades the entire lung, and the prognosis is poor.

However, the prognosis for lung contusion is different. Due to the pathophysiology of lung contusion, within 4-6 h after injury, the lungs may have no or only a few sheet shadows, which gradually increase over time, reaching a peak within 24-48 h, and those with exacerbations may have atelectasis. Our patient started to improve at 72 h after injury; the contusion was gradually absorbed after 7–10 d until it completely returned to normal.

For trauma patients with pulmonary contusion, epidemiological history and CT scan of the lungs are important in the current epidemic of COVID-19, so as to avoid misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis that may be combined with COVID-19 infection and avoid causing severe clustering infection.

As to the management of trauma patients with pulmonary contusion, epidemiological investigation is compulsory. In the case of COVID-19 infection, protective measures must be taken before the patient is ruled out as having COVID-19, as any suspected case of COVID-19 may become a “super spreader” with serious consequences. We believe that in the current epidemic of COVID-19, in the presence of strict mass prevention and control measures, special attention should be paid to trauma patients with pulmonary contusion. First, a detailed investigation of the patient’s epidemiological history is required. All trauma patients should be routinely asked about their epidemiological history; if there has been any travel to areas with high incidence of COVID-19; whether there is a history of contact with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 pneumonia patients; and history of contact with personnel in high-incidence areas. For medical history, a detailed investigation should be carried out on whether the patient has a history of fever, cough, shortness of breath, and contact with wild animals within 2 wk before injury. At the same time, all patients with trauma should undergo routine chest CT. If COVID-19 is suspected, nucleic acid testing should be routinely performed at least twice if possible. Even if the test is negative, if the imaging and medical history are highly suspect, the test should be repeated multiple times and relevant experts should be consulted.

CONCLUSION

Due to its transmissibility and severity, sustained global transmission of COVID-19 is possible. During the epidemic of COVID-19, the differential diagnosis of lung contusion and COVID-19 must be emphasized in trauma patients. Both conditions require effective prompt actions, especially COVID-19. Strict and standardized processing procedures are suggested for COVID-19.