Dileep N Lobo1, Luca Gianotti2, Alfred Adiamah3, Rocco Barazzoni4, Nicolaas E P Deutz5, Ketan Dhatariya6, Paul L Greenhaff7, Michael Hiesmayr8, Dorthe Hjort Jakobsen9, Stanislaw Klek10, Zeljko Krznaric11, Olle Ljungqvist12, Donald C McMillan13, Katie E Rollins3, Marina Panisic Sekeljic14, Richard J E Skipworth15, Zeno Stanga16, Audrey Stockley17, Ralph Stockley17, Arved Weimann18. 1. Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. Electronic address: Dileep.Lobo@nottingham.ac.uk. 2. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy. 3. Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. 4. Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. 5. Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4253, USA. 6. Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and General Medicine, Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of East Anglia, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK. 7. MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. 8. Division of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Surgical Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 9. Section of Surgical Pathophysiology 4074, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. 10. General and Oncology Surgery Unit, Stanley Dudrick's Memorial Hospital, Skawina, Poland. 11. University Hospital Centre Zagreb and Zagreb School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. 12. Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 13. Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK. 14. Military Medical Academy, Clinic for General Surgery, Department for Perioperative Nutrition, Crnostravska Street 17, Belgrade, Serbia. 15. Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK. 16. Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 17. Patient Public Involvement Group, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. 18. Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Onkologische Chirurgie, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Delitzscher Straße 141, 04129, Leipzig, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Malnutrition has been recognized as a major risk factor for adverse postoperative outcomes. The ESPEN Symposium on perioperative nutrition was held in Nottingham, UK, on 14-15 October 2018 and the aims of this document were to highlight the scientific basis for the nutritional and metabolic management of surgical patients. METHODS: This paper represents the opinion of experts in this multidisciplinary field and those of a patient and caregiver, based on current evidence. It highlights the current state of the art. RESULTS: Surgical patients may present with varying degrees of malnutrition, sarcopenia, cachexia, obesity and myosteatosis. Preoperative optimization can help improve outcomes. Perioperative fluid therapy should aim at keeping the patient in as near zero fluid and electrolyte balance as possible. Similarly, glycemic control is especially important in those patients with poorly controlled diabetes, with a stepwise increase in the risk of infectious complications and mortality per increasing HbA1c. Immobilization can induce a decline in basal energy expenditure, reduced insulin sensitivity, anabolic resistance to protein nutrition and muscle strength, all of which impair clinical outcomes. There is a role for pharmaconutrition, pre-, pro- and syn-biotics, with the evidence being stronger in those undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional assessment of the surgical patient together with the appropriate interventions to restore the energy deficit, avoid weight loss, preserve the gut microbiome and improve functional performance are all necessary components of the nutritional, metabolic and functional conditioning of the surgical patient.
BACKGROUND & AIMS:Malnutrition has been recognized as a major risk factor for adverse postoperative outcomes. The ESPEN Symposium on perioperative nutrition was held in Nottingham, UK, on 14-15 October 2018 and the aims of this document were to highlight the scientific basis for the nutritional and metabolic management of surgical patients. METHODS: This paper represents the opinion of experts in this multidisciplinary field and those of a patient and caregiver, based on current evidence. It highlights the current state of the art. RESULTS: Surgical patients may present with varying degrees of malnutrition, sarcopenia, cachexia, obesity and myosteatosis. Preoperative optimization can help improve outcomes. Perioperative fluid therapy should aim at keeping the patient in as near zero fluid and electrolyte balance as possible. Similarly, glycemic control is especially important in those patients with poorly controlled diabetes, with a stepwise increase in the risk of infectious complications and mortality per increasing HbA1c. Immobilization can induce a decline in basal energy expenditure, reduced insulin sensitivity, anabolic resistance to protein nutrition and muscle strength, all of which impair clinical outcomes. There is a role for pharmaconutrition, pre-, pro- and syn-biotics, with the evidence being stronger in those undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional assessment of the surgical patient together with the appropriate interventions to restore the energy deficit, avoid weight loss, preserve the gut microbiome and improve functional performance are all necessary components of the nutritional, metabolic and functional conditioning of the surgical patient.
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