A two-stage desalination process for zero liquid discharge of flue gas desulfurization wastewater by chloride precipitation.

A two-stage desalination process was developed to achieve zero liquid discharge (ZLD) of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater by precipitating chloride as Friedel's salt. Influential factors for Friedel's salt precipitation, including dosage, reaction time, concentration of sulfate, were investigate by batch tests. Batch results showed that at calcium to aluminum molar ratio of 3.0, the optimal chloride removal and the highest crystallinity of Friedel's salt were obtained. Sulfate impeded Friedel's salt precipitation by competitive inhibition mechanism, and thus calcium sulfate removal was designed in advance of chloride removal. Batch results and long-term results of bench-scale experiments showed that magnesium and part of sulfate were effectively removed by lime addition in Stage I of the proposed process, and then the remaining sulfate and 48.1 % of chloride were precipitated as ettringite and Friedel's salt in Stage II. The effluent of the two-stage process was alkaline with low turbidity, and had considerable desulfurization capacity. Techno-economic evaluation showed that the two-stage process is technically feasible, economically viable and environmentally friendly technology for ZLD of FGD wastewater.