Plasma chemokine CXC motif-ligand 16 as a predictor of renal prognosis in immunoglobulin A nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: There are few non-invasive biomarkers that have been identified to improve the risk stratification of patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). CXCL16 has been shown to play a key role as a chemoattractant, adhesion, and fibrosis factor in inflammatory disease. This study evaluated the potential for CXCL16 plasma as a potential biomarker in patients with IgAN.
METHODS: Plasma CXCL16 was measured in 230 patients with renal biopsied IgAN enrolled from 2012 to 2014. The patients were followed for 41.3 months, with a 50% reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate or end-stage renal disease as endpoints.
RESULTS: The plasma CXCL16 levels in IgAN patients were strongly correlated with the uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis score in multivariate analysis. Furthermore, counts of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD20+ B cells in renal biopsies of IgAN patients were significantly correlated with the plasma CXCL16 levels, but not CD68+ macrophage. Lastly, we concluded that patients with higher levels of plasma CXCL16 had an increased risk of poor renal outcome compared to those with lower levels. There was no association between the polymorphisms and clinical parameters of CXCL16, including the levels and prognosis of plasma CXCL16.
CONCLUSIONS: Plasma CXCL16 levels were associated with clinical parameters; pathological damage; CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, and CD20+ B cell infiltration in renal tissue; and renal outcome in IgAN patients. Plasma CXCL16 might be a potential prognosis predictor in Chinese IgAN patients. 2020 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.

Introduction

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide (1). Approximately 30% of patients eventually develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) within 20–30 years after renal biopsy (1,2). Unfortunately, IgAN diagnosis is based on kidney biopsy, and there is no approved IgAN progression diagnostic blood biomarker. Biopsy specimens that meet IgAN diagnostic criteria have a wide range of pathological changes that are often reflected in IgAN patients with variable clinical prognosis. Given the invasive nature, there is urgent need for clinical practice for non-invasive biomarkers associated with IgAN prognosis.

Another common pathological characteristic associated with IgAN is renal interstitial inflammatory infiltration. Previous studies have reported several inflammatory cell infiltration with prognostic significance in chronic kidney diseases (3-5). Our team also demonstrated that the accumulation of interstitial CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, CD68+ macrophage or dendritic cells, were correlated with decreased renal function and poor renal outcomes (6,7). The migration of leukocytes depends on a variety of adhesion molecules and chemokines (8). Interestingly, the chemokine CXC motif-ligand 16 (CXCL16) was found to play an important role in the development of inflammatory diseases (9).

CXCL16 is a chemokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family (10), which acts as a classical chemoattractant for CXCR6-expressing cells, including CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, NK cells, invariant NKT cells, plasma cells, and monocytes (11-13). CXCL16 serves as an important pathogenic mediator in inflammatory diseases (9,14,15). Several polymorphic variants of CXCL16 were associated with the risk of various diseases, including coronary artery disease (16) and inflammatory bowel disease (17).

In addition, in recent studies CXCL16 has been reported to be associated with renal diseases. Serum and urinary CXCL16 was higher in lupus nephritis, particularly in periods of disease activity (15). In diabetic kidney disease, plasma CXCL16 levels were found to be independently correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serum albumin (18,19). In fact, blocking the activities of CXCL16 has been to shown to prevent the progression of anti-GBM glomerulonephritis even when the disorder is found (20). These findings suggest that CXCL16 may be a marker of renal disease. Whereas prolific data have been published on clinical data, little is known about CXCL16’s associations with renal pathology and clinic outcomes. Larger cohort studies with a long follow-up period to evaluate the predictive value of the chemokine CXCL16 in renal inflammation and outcomes are needed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate plasma CXCL16 characteristics in patients with IgAN. We investigated plasma levels of CXCL16 at time of renal biopsy and analyzed its associations with clinical and pathological characteristics; the density of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, and CD68+ macrophages; and renal CXCL16 expression and outcome by using a large IgAN cohort of Chinese patients.

Methods

Study cohort

In this study, all-adult (≥18 years) patients with biopsy-proven primary IgAN from January 2012 to January 2014 at Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology were enrolled (n=230). The patients were followed up until April 2019 for an average of 41.3 months. Patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura, lupus nephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic liver disease, diabetes, Crohn's disease, cancers, cardiovascular diseases or whose renal biopsy specimen contained less than 8 glomeruli, were excluded from the study. The renal outcomes were the survival from a 50% reduction in eGFR or ESRD (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1.73 m2).

This study conformed to the Ethical Committee of Huazhong University of Science and Technology guidelines (No. TJ-IRB20181108). All procedures conducted in this study followed the institutional and/or national research committee’s ethical standards and the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All participants included in the study gave informed consent.

Plasma CXCL16 measurement

CXCL16 levels were measured in plasma samples which were obtained from all IgAN patients on the day of renal biopsy by using a Quantikine CXCL16 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) ELISA kit following the manufacturer’s instruction.

Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed the optimal cut-off for plasma CXCL16 levels to predict the renal outcomes endpoint was 3.016 ng/mL [area under the curve (AUC) 0.675, specificity 66%, sensitivity 65%, P=0.016]. Patients with plasma CXCL16 levels higher than the cut-off value were defined as the high CXCL16 group, and patients with plasma CXCL16 levels lower than the cut-off value were defined as the low CXCL16 group.

Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed as described previously in paraffin-embedded tissue sections at a thickness of 4 mm (21). For human biopsy samples, CD4, CD20, CD68 (Gene Tech, Shanghai, China), CD8 (Maxim-bio, Fuzhou, China), and CXCL16 (Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) antibody were used. Quantitative evaluation of inflammatory cells was counted under 5 equivalent high-power cortical fields (HPFs) (×400) and was expressed as the average number of cells per high-power cortical fields by Image-Pro-Plus software6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA).

Statistical analyses

The statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 23.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism version 6 software (Graph software, San Diego, CA, USA). Correlations were evaluated using nonparametric Spearman’s and parametric Pearson’s correlation test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent relationship between plasma CXCL16 levels and clinical parameters. We used Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival curves to analyze the association between plasma CXCL16 levels and renal outcome, and the significance was determined by the log-rank test. The optimal cut-off value for high and low expression for CXCL16 was obtained by ROC curve analysis. All of the statistical analyses were two-tailed. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Cohort description

The 230 patients had an initial eGFR of 93.2 (63.3–116.6) mL/min per 1.73 m2. The cohort was 39.5% male (). Initial proteinuria was 0.84 (0.40–1.74) g/d, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 98.6±14.9 mmHg. Out of 230 patients, gross hematuria at onset was present in 32 (14.0%) patients and hypertension in 93 (40.4%) patients. Patients were followed for a median of 41.3 (28.1–50.0) years.

Table 1

The demographic and clinical parameters of the patients with IgAN (N=230)

Parameters	Results
Age (years; mean ± SD)	34.5±9.7
Gender (female/male)	139/91
MAP (mmHg; mean ± SD)	98.6±14.9
Hypertension, n (%)	93 (40.4)
Microscopic hematuria, n (%)	221 (96.1)
Gross hematuria, n (%)	32 (13.9)
Albumin (g/L; mean ± SD)	39.3±5.3
Serum creatinine (μmol/L; median, IQR)	80.0, 63.0–109.8
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2; median, IQR)	93.2, 63.3–116.6
24-h urine protein (g/d; median, IQR)	0.84, 0.40–1.74
CXCL16 (ng/mL; mean ± SD)	2.89±0.82

Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (25th percentile–75th percentile), or number (percentage). MAP, mean arterial pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range. eGFR was calculated with the CKD-EPI equation. 24-h urine protein was missing in 10% of cases.

Correlations between CXCL16 levels and clinical parameters of the IgAN patients

We evaluated CXCL16 in plasma of all IgAN patients at the time of renal biopsy. The plasma level of CXCL16 was 2.89±0.82 ng/mL. There was a significantly inverse correlation between plasma CXCL16 levels and eGFR, and albumin (r =−0.411, P<0.001, r =−0.218, P=0.001; ), and a positive correlation between plasma CXCL16 and Scr, and 24-h urine protein (r =0.367, P<0.001, r =0.232, P=0.001 respectively; ). Furthermore, plasma CXCL16 levels were significantly correlated with other clinical data, including blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, serum K, serum P, and serum Ca (). In multivariate linear regression analysis eGFR (β =−0.008, P=0.018) and uric acid (β =0.002, P=0.013) were independently associated with plasma CXCL16 (). These results suggest that plasma CXCL16 levels were correlated with IgAN renal function.

Figure 1

The correlations between the plasma CXCL16 levels and Scr (A), eGFR (B), albumin (C), and 24-h urine protein (D) in univariate analysis.

Table 2

Correlations between the levels of plasma CXCL16 and other clinical parameters in the patients with IgAN in univariate analysis and multivariate analysis (N=230)

Parameters	Univariate linear regression			Multivariate linear regression
	r value	P value		β	P value
ALB(g/L)	−0.218	0.001		−0.020	0.200
Scr (μmol/L)	0.367	<0.001		−0.004	0.099
UA (mmol/L)	0.277	<0.001		0.002	0.013
BUN (mmol/L)	0.246	0.002		0.047	0.172
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)	−0.411	<0.001		−0.008	0.018
24-h urine protein (g/d)	0.232	0.001		0.015	0.669
K(mmol/L)	0.209	0.002		0.133	0.445
Ca(mmol/L)	−0.144	0.031		−0.187	0.687

eGFR was calculated with the CKD-EPI equation. 24-h urine protein was missing in 10% of cases.

Associations between CXCL16 levels in our IgAN patient cohort and the MEST-C pathological scores

We then analyzed the association between plasma CXCL16 levels and the Oxford Classification. By univariate analysis, we found that patients with mesangial hypercellularity had higher plasma CXCL16 levels (P<0.001). Plasma CXCL16 levels increased with tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis score (P<0.001). Patients with a renal crescent proportion of more than 25% had higher plasma CXCL16 levels (P=0.018). Comparable levels of plasma CXCL16 were present in patients without or with endocapillary hypercellularity (P=0.638) and patients absent or present of segmental glomerulosclerosis (P=0.313).

Furthermore, with multivariate linear regression analysis of the 4 pathology variables and the clinical data set (age, gender, MAP and 24-h urine protein), we found that the plasma CXCL16 levels were still significantly correlated with the tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis score (P=0.023) and nearly correlated with the crescent proportion (P=0.070), whereas association with other pathological variables failed to reach independent statistical significance in the multivariate analysis model. The details of this analysis are listed in . These results demonstrate that renal pathology was correlated with plasma CXCL16 levels, especially tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis score.

Table 3

Correlations between plasma CXCL16 levels and the Oxford Classification in IgAN patients: univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis (N=230)

	Univariate linear regression			Multivariate linear regression*
	Level of CXCL16 (ng/mL; median, IQR)	P		β (s.e.m.)	P
Mesangial hypercellularity		<0.001		0.127 (0.145)	0.382
Score ≤0.5	2.58, 2.22–3.05
Score >0.5	2.96, 2.40–3.53
Endocapillary hypercellularity		0.638		−0.113 (0.190)	0.552
Absent	2.75, 2.30–3.35
Present	3.02, 2.32–3.50
Segmental glomerulosclerosis		0.313		−0.153 (0.143)	0.288
Absent	2.75, 2.28–3.15
Present	2.78, 2.32–3.47
Tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis		<0.001		0.233 (0.101)	0.023
0–25%	2.52, 2.12–3.03
26–50%	2.85, 2.47–3.51
>50%	3.24, 2.68–3.89
Crescents		0.018		0.183 (0.101)	0.070
0	2.728, 2.267–3.262
1–25%	2.720, 2.300–3.402
>25%	3.320, 2.768–3.953

*Multivariate model: multivariate with the 5 pathologic features (mesangial hypercellularity, endocapillary hypercellularity, segmental glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis, crescents) plus age, gender, mean arterial pressure, and 24-h urine protein.

Expression of renal tissue CXCL16 and correlation with plasma CXCL16 levels

Renal CXCL16 was expressed in cytoplasm and a part of the membrane. We calculated the CXCL16 positive renal tube per renal tissue area for the quantification analysis of renal CXCL16 expression with plasma CXCL16 levels. We found predominantly positive correlations between the renal CXCL16 expression and plasma CXCL16 levels (r =0.316, P=0.018; ). These findings suggest that plasma CXCL16 levels were positively associated with renal CXCL16 expression in tissues.

Figure 2

The renal IHC staining of CXCL16 in high and low levels of plasma CXCL16 (magnification ×200, scale bar =80 µm).

Correlations between CXCL16 levels and inflammatory cell infiltration

CXCL16 acts as a chemoattractant molecule and recruits inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation. Therefore, we analyzed the association in IgAN patients of the infiltration of several inflammatory cells in kidney biopsy specimens with CXCL16 plasma levels. IHC was performed to quantify different subsets of leukocytes, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, and CD68+ macrophages. We found an observable positive association between the infiltration frequency of CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells in clinical specimens and the plasma CXCL16 levels (r =0.301, P=0.007; r =0.237, P=0.035; ). The plasma CXCL16 levels were also significantly correlated with the number of renal CD20+ B cell infiltration in IgAN patients (r =0.317, P=0.005; ). No significant association was seen between the amount of CD68+ macrophage infiltration in clinical specimens and the plasma CXCL16 levels in our patients with IgAN (r =0.020, P=0.864; ). Altogether, these results prove that plasma CXCL16 levels were correlated with the infiltration of inflammatory cells in renal tissues.

Figure 3

The IHC staining of CD8+ T cells (A), CD4+ T cells (B), CD20+ B cells (C) and CD68+ macrophage (D) in high and low levels of plasma CXCL16 (magnification ×400, scale bar =40 µm).

Correlations between CXCL16 levels and outcome

Seventeen events of the combined outcome (50% reduction in eGFR or ESRD) occurred in a mean follow-up period of 41.3 months from the renal biopsy. Patients were divided by plasma CXCL16, and a high level of CXCL16 was associated with a reduction in the combined renal survival rate (P=0.001) (). In Cox regression analysis, a high level of plasma CXCL16 (HR, 1.873; 95% CI, 1.012–3.468, P=0.046) was an independent predictor for IgAN patients, along with age, gender, mean arterial pressure and 24h Urine protein (). Strikingly, these results suggest that plasma CXCL16 levels were correlated with the progression of IgAN patients and may serve as a noninvasive biomarker of renal disease.

Figure 4

Kaplan-Meier curve of overall patient survival according to plasma CXCL16 level category. Patient survival was significantly better for the low CXCL16 group than for the high CXCL16 group (log-rank test, P=0.005).

Table 4

Association between plasma CXCL16 levels and renal outcome in IgAN patients

	Multivariate Cox regression analysis
	HR	95% CI	P value
Age	1.029	0.971–1.090	0.333
Gender	0.537	0.189–1.530	0.244
MAP (mmHg)	1.002	0.967–1.039	0.898
24-h Urine protein	1.188	1.032–1.367	0.016
CXCL16 (ng/mL)	1.873	1.012–3.468	0.046

HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. Renal outcome was defined as a 50% reduction in eGFR and ESRD.

Correlations between CXCL16 polymorphisms and plasma CXCL16 levels

Finally, we analyzed the associations between 9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CXCL16 (rs2304973, rs2250333, rs1050998, rs3744700, rs2234358, rs1876444, rs8123, rs2277680, and rs1051009) and the plasma CXCL16 levels in IgAN patients. The 9 gene variants were tested in 222 patients in our cohort. However, we did not find any statistically significant association of these polymorphisms with the plasma CXCL16 levels in our IgAN cohort (P>0.05). Moreover, no significant association was seen between the 11 gene locus variants of CXCL16 and any clinical and pathological parameters of our IgAN patients. The details are shown in .

Table 5

Associations between CXCL16 polymorphisms and clinical parameters

Polymorphism	Genotype	N	CXCL16, ng/mL	Scr, umol/L	eGFR, ml/min per 1.73m2	24-h urine protein, g/d	Combine-event
rs2304973	CC	191	2.869±0.820	90.85±43.21	89.78±29.85	1.506±2.077	13 (6.81%)
	CT	30	2.987±0.787	100.60±40.39	84.40±35.75	1.612±1.620	3 (10.0%)
rs2250333	CC	109	2.806±0.744	93.97±39.27	87.04±30.10	1.475±2.183	6 (5.5%)
	CT	99	2.954±0.862	94.01±55.46	90.12±31.23	1.549±1.831	9 (9.1%)
	TT	14	3.029±1.010	85.69±45.11	97.64±31.89	1.673±2.112	1 (7.1%)
rs1050998	CC	79	2.892±0.807	96.75±41.96	84.98±30.08	1.812±2.540	5 (6.3%)
	CT	107	2.856±0.839	92.79±53.59	91.73±31.44	1.429±1.728	10 (9.3%)
	TT	35	2.960±0.774	88.34±38.56	90.01±29.54	1.226±1.608	1 (2.9%)
rs3744700	GG	174	2.927±0.855	94.43±50.20	89.05±30.94	1.694±2.205	13 (7.5%)
	GT	41	2.773±0.657	90.32±35.68	88.46±30.03	1.011±1.010	3 (7.3%)
	TT	6	2.438±0.317	88.50±35.97	92.97±32.78	0.462±0.376	0 (0.0%)
rs2234358	GG	97	2.909±0.752	94.27±47.50	88.49±31.16	1.323±1.494	9 (9.3%)
	GT	99	2.921±0.927	97.25±50.62	86.24±30.84	1.642±2.339	5 (5.1%)
	TT	25	2.650±0.511	75.68±26.68	102.30±25.41	1.830±2.422	2 (8.0%)
rs1876444	CC	80	2.899±0.805	96.40±41.81	85.39±30.11	1.790±2.525	5 (6.3%)
	CT	108	2.871±0.862	93.18±53.33	90.95±31.48	1.448±1.727	10 (9.3%)
	TT	34	2.964±0.786	88.35±39.14	90.49±29.84	1.226±1.608	1 (2.9%)
rs8123	AA	98	2.794±0.746	95.58±41.21	86.03±29.63	1.629±2.289	8 (8.1%)
	AC	108	2.954±0.889	91.77±52.79	91.77±31.20	1.455±1.784	7 (6.5%)
	CC	15	3.110±0.874	90.67±45.21	90.25±32.22	1.467±1.926	1 (6.7%)
rs2277680	AA	77	2.873±0.786	96.35±42.36	85.53±30.11	1.846±2.575	5 (6.5%)
	AG	111	2.883±0.877	93.3±52.76	90.38±31.23	1.429±1.704	10 (9.0%)
	GG	34	2.987±0.770	88.35±39.14	91.53±30.65	1.213±1.614	1 (2.9%)
rs1051009	CC	43	2.967±0.778	97.63±61.10	89.75±33.90	1.413±1.750	2 (4.6%)
	CT	121	2.913±0.871	91.22±43.56	90.16±30.06	1.363±1.614	10 (8.3%)
	TT	58	2.806±0.775	95.57±43.63	85.55±29.91	2.018±2.881	2 (3.4%)

Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, or number (percentage).

Discussion and conclusions

IgAN is the most widespread primary chronic glomerular disease worldwide. However, the requirement of a renal biopsy for diagnosis impedes a description of the full consequences of this disease (2). Several recent studies have suggested that chemokine is involved in the development and progression of kidney diseases (6). We here investigated the plasma level of chemokine CXCL16, using a well-defined single central IgA cohort. This study is the first prospective clinical study to assess the prognostic significance of plasma CXCL16 on renal survival in a of long-term follow-up of IgAN patients. It could serve as a useful laboratory test to detect IgAN renal function and prognosis in the future, which could limit the need for invasive renal biopsies in such a patient population.

In previous research, serum CXCL16 was correlated with clinical and pathological parameters in diseases, such as lupus nephritis (15) and diabetic kidney disease (18). Our study also showed that the levels of plasma CXCL16 in our IgAN patient population were associated with the markers of renal function eGFR, serum creatinine (Scr), uric acid (UA), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and 24-hour protein levels. In multivariate linear regression analysis, UA and eGFR remained independently associated with plasma CXCL16. Crucially different from earlier research, our study focused on the relationship between circulating CXCL16 and IgAN renal pathology. The study revealed that in univariate analysis plasma CXCL16 levels were higher in patients with mesangial hypercellularity, tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis or more renal crescent proportion.

Furthermore, there was still a significant association between the tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis and plasma CXCL16 levels even after adjustment for clinical predictor variables by multivariate analysis. The mesangial hypercellularity and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis lesions of the Oxford Classification have been reported to independently predict poor survival in large validation studies (22). Indeed, Hu et al. found that inflammation-activated CXCL16 pathway contributes to tubulointerstitial injury in mouse diabetic nephropathy (23), which further confirmed our results. However, our results did not find plasma CXCL16 independently associated with mesangial hypercellularity in multivariate analysis, which may be affected by other factors. These results still demonstrated that plasma CXCL16 levels were positively associated with renal function and pathology.

Research has shown that the infiltration of inflammatory cells in renal tissue has prognostic significance in IgAN (7), but it has remained unclear whether plasma CXCL16 levels could reflect organ inflammation conditions. Our study analysis showed that plasma CXCL16 levels were significantly correlated with the infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and CD20+ B cells in the renal specimens, but not related to the infiltration of CD68+ macrophage cells in renal tissue. CXCR6 was mainly expressed in T cells (12). In vivo study demonstrated that CXCL16/CXCR6 takes part in T cell migration into the inflammation tissue (14,24). We are first to show that plasma CXCL16 could reflect renal inflammatory cell infiltration. These results were consistent with CXCL16-mediated T cells accumulated in patients with vitiligo and atherosclerosis (11,25).

Circulating CXCL16 levels have been associated with poor outcomes in various diseases, such as prostate cancer (26), cardiomyopathy (27), and acute ischemic stroke (28). Consistent with the above studies, we found that there was an independent effect of plasma CXCL16 levels on adverse outcomes during 41.3 months of follow-up. In addition, after adjusting for the confounding effects of age, gender, MAP, and 24-hour urine protein, the relationship of plasma CXCL16 and IgAN prognosis remained significant in multivariate Cox regression analysis. These results suggest that plasma CXCL16 levels might have a potent ability for renal outcome prognosis in IgAN.

There has been extensive study on the interaction of CXCL16 gene locus polymorphisms with multiple inflammatory diseases (16,29). However, the effect of CXCL16 SNP on renal disease is still unknown. Our study is the first to investigate the association between polymorphisms of the CXCL16 gene and plasma CXCL16, along with the severity of renal function and renal outcomes in IgAN patients. Meanwhile, in our cohort study, the gene polymorphisms of these 9 CXCL16 genes did not display any association with the plasma CXCL16 levels, or with the severity of renal function and renal outcomes. We presumed that plasma CXCL16 levels were associated with the severity of diseases rather than genetic polymorphism, and the levels of plasma CXCL16, not CXCL16 polymorphism, play a key role in the renal outcome of IgA nephropathy.

The present study had several limitations that should be briefly acknowledged. First, the plasma CXCL16 levels were only assessed at baseline, and the variation in levels over time and treatment response should be further evaluated. Second, the sample size of the study was relatively small, and a prospective study is required to confirm the clinical utility of CXCL16 in IgAN patients further.

In summary, we demonstrated that the plasma CXCL16 levels were highly associated with the renal function, pathological damage, renal CXCL16 expression, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the renal tissue of IgAN patients. Furthermore, we were first to discover that that patients with heightened plasma CXCL16 levels were associated with a poor renal outcome in IgAN patients. Hence, plasma CXCL16 might be a non-invasive predictor for IgAN patients.