Beliefs about fact retrieval and inferential reasoning across the adult lifespan.

This study deals with beliefs about question-answering processes involving "world knowledge" utilized by young, middle aged, and older adults. Questions intended to induce either fact retrieval or inferential reasoning were shown to younger (n = 37), middle aged (n = 37) and older (n = 37) adults in both a multiple choice and true/false format. Increasing age level was not related to decreased confidence in either fact retrieval or inferential reasoning. Global assessments about these question-answering processes involving "people in general" and self evaluations were taken from the same individuals. In contrast to personal confidence ratings, adults of all ages generally believed in declining fact retrieval abilities in old age. Inferential reasoning, however, often was believed to remain stable or even increase in ability level with increasing age. This was especially true in the assessments generated by older adults and in self evaluations. Thus, negative global beliefs about memory and aging may be present even when such global beliefs contradict item-specific judgments and personal beliefs about one's own cognition.