Deena El-Gabri1, João Ricardo Nickenig Vissoci2, Brian J Meier2, Mark Mvungi3, Michael Haglund4, Monica Swahn5, Blandina T Mmbaga6, Charles J Gerardo2, Catherine A Staton7. 1. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States. 2. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Emergency Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States. 3. Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania. 4. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States. 5. Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States. 6. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania. 7. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Emergency Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States. Electronic address: catherine.staton@duke.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Alcohol is a leading risk factor for road traffic injury in low- and middle-income countries, such as Tanzania. This research seeks to explore the drinking patterns, perceptions, and stigma of drink driving behavior of injury patients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center in Moshi, Tanzania. METHODS: This mixed methods study incorporated the Perceived Alcohol Stigma (PAS), an additive Likert scale, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Results are reported as medians with IQRs. Additionally, focus groups with injury patients, their families, and community members (n = 104) were conducted and analyzed in pairs using an inductive thematic content analysis approach. RESULTS: Those who self-reported driving after ingesting 3 or more alcoholic drinks had a median AUDIT score (median = 11.0) significantly higher than those who denied drink driving (median = 5.5, p < 0.01). The PAS showed a high overall stigma against those who use alcohol but differed for drink drivers, drinkers, and abstainers (median = 20.8, 23.9, 34.9, p < 0.01). Thematic content analysis highlighted a 'disapproving of drink drivers', that 'problematic drinking is a drinking behavior which negatively affects others', and a 'passiveness toward drinking and drink driving'. CONCLUSIONS: Stigma against those who use alcohol is present in Tanzania. Perceived stigma is significantly lower among those who drink drive than those who do not. Overall, there appears to be a community-wide disapproval of drinking and driving, which is coupled with feeling unable to change this risky behavior.
BACKGROUND:Alcohol is a leading risk factor for road traffic injury in low- and middle-income countries, such as Tanzania. This research seeks to explore the drinking patterns, perceptions, and stigma of drink driving behavior of injurypatients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center in Moshi, Tanzania. METHODS: This mixed methods study incorporated the Perceived Alcohol Stigma (PAS), an additive Likert scale, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Results are reported as medians with IQRs. Additionally, focus groups with injurypatients, their families, and community members (n = 104) were conducted and analyzed in pairs using an inductive thematic content analysis approach. RESULTS: Those who self-reported driving after ingesting 3 or more alcoholic drinks had a median AUDIT score (median = 11.0) significantly higher than those who denied drink driving (median = 5.5, p < 0.01). The PAS showed a high overall stigma against those who use alcohol but differed for drink drivers, drinkers, and abstainers (median = 20.8, 23.9, 34.9, p < 0.01). Thematic content analysis highlighted a 'disapproving of drink drivers', that 'problematic drinking is a drinking behavior which negatively affects others', and a 'passiveness toward drinking and drink driving'. CONCLUSIONS: Stigma against those who use alcohol is present in Tanzania. Perceived stigma is significantly lower among those who drink drive than those who do not. Overall, there appears to be a community-wide disapproval of drinking and driving, which is coupled with feeling unable to change this risky behavior.
Authors: Marilyn Kendall; Scott A Murray; Emma Carduff; Allison Worth; Fiona Harris; Anna Lloyd; Debbie Cavers; Liz Grant; Kirsty Boyd; Aziz Sheikh Journal: BMJ Date: 2009-10-14
Authors: W June Ruan; Risë B Goldstein; S Patricia Chou; Sharon M Smith; Tulshi D Saha; Roger P Pickering; Deborah A Dawson; Boji Huang; Frederick S Stinson; Bridget F Grant Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2007-08-13 Impact factor: 4.492