Chloé A Powell1, Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman2, Emily Oken3, Nancy Krieger4, Janet W Rich-Edwards5, Susan Redline6, Elsie M Taveras7. 1. Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2. Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA. Electronic address: sheryl_rifas@hphc.org. 3. Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. 4. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. 5. Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 6. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical School, Boston, MA. 7. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of maternal lifetime experiences of racial discrimination with infant sleep duration over the first 2 years of life. DESIGN: Prebirth cohort study. SETTING: Massachusetts, USA (baseline: 1999-2002). PARTICIPANTS: 552 mother-infant dyads in Project Viva, for whom the mother self-identified as being a woman of color. MEASUREMENTS: During pregnancy, mothers completed the Experiences of Discrimination survey that measured lifetime experiences of racial discrimination in eight domains. The main outcome was a weighted average of their infants' 24-hour sleep duration from 6 months to 2 years. RESULTS: 30% reported 0 domains of racial discrimination, 35% 1-2 domains, and 34% ≥3 domains. Any racial discrimination (≥1 vs. 0 domains) was higher among black (80%) versus Hispanic (58%) or Asian (53%) mothers and the United States versus foreign-born mothers (79% vs. 58%) and was associated with higher mean prepregnancy BMI (26.8 vs. 24.5 kg/m2). Children whose mothers reported ≥3 domains versus 0 domains had shorter sleep duration from 6 months to 2 years in unadjusted analysis (β -18.6 min/d; 95% CI -37.3, 0.0), which was attenuated after adjusting for maternal race/ethnicity and nativity (-13.6 min/d; -33.7, 6.5). We found stronger associations of racial discrimination with offspring sleep at 6 months (-49.3 min/d; -85.3, -13.2) than for sleep at 1 year (-13.5 min/d; -47.2, 20.3) or 2 years (4.2 min/d; -21.5, 29.9). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal lifetime experiences of racial discrimination was associated with shorter offspring sleep duration at 6 months, but not with infant's sleep at 1 and 2 years of age.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of maternal lifetime experiences of racial discrimination with infant sleep duration over the first 2 years of life. DESIGN: Prebirth cohort study. SETTING: Massachusetts, USA (baseline: 1999-2002). PARTICIPANTS: 552 mother-infant dyads in Project Viva, for whom the mother self-identified as being a woman of color. MEASUREMENTS: During pregnancy, mothers completed the Experiences of Discrimination survey that measured lifetime experiences of racial discrimination in eight domains. The main outcome was a weighted average of their infants' 24-hour sleep duration from 6 months to 2 years. RESULTS: 30% reported 0 domains of racial discrimination, 35% 1-2 domains, and 34% ≥3 domains. Any racial discrimination (≥1 vs. 0 domains) was higher among black (80%) versus Hispanic (58%) or Asian (53%) mothers and the United States versus foreign-born mothers (79% vs. 58%) and was associated with higher mean prepregnancy BMI (26.8 vs. 24.5 kg/m2). Children whose mothers reported ≥3 domains versus 0 domains had shorter sleep duration from 6 months to 2 years in unadjusted analysis (β -18.6 min/d; 95% CI -37.3, 0.0), which was attenuated after adjusting for maternal race/ethnicity and nativity (-13.6 min/d; -33.7, 6.5). We found stronger associations of racial discrimination with offspring sleep at 6 months (-49.3 min/d; -85.3, -13.2) than for sleep at 1 year (-13.5 min/d; -47.2, 20.3) or 2 years (4.2 min/d; -21.5, 29.9). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal lifetime experiences of racial discrimination was associated with shorter offspring sleep duration at 6 months, but not with infant's sleep at 1 and 2 years of age.
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