Research progress in sources, analytical methods, eco-environmental effects, and control measures of microplastics.

Microplastics are plastic particles which are widely distributed in the environment. The pollution of microplastics in environment have attracted increasing attention in recent years. This paper reviews research progress in sources, analytical methods, eco-environmental effects and control in environment, and suggests relevant countermeasures in governance and research. Microplastics mainly originate from two sources: firstly, a significant direct input of primary microplastics; second, secondary microplastics generate from the fragmentations of larger plastic materials. The analysis and identification of microplastics are critical to other researches, and related instrument methods have also been applied to the analysis and identification of microplastics. The advantages and disadvantages of microplastics analytical methods were reviewed. The eco-environmental effects of microplastics can be divided into four aspects: adsorption, biological uptake, ecotoxicological and combined pollution. Control measures need to strengthen the systematic research of microplastics pollution control and management technology system from the aspects of organizational cooperation, technological research and development, laws and regulations. In the future, a unified quantitative analysis method for microplastics should be established, and more accurate traceability analysis techniques should be developed to further explore its environmental behavior and fate. To strengthen scientific research on microplastic pollution in terrestrial, freshwater and atmospheric environments, and develop more scientific and rational control policies. This paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of microplastics pollution, and also provides insights for the next step of research.