Time to consider histologic pattern of lung injury to treat critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection.

Dear Editor,

In their editorial about ‘COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatment for different phenotypes’ Gattinoni et al. [1] hypothesize a sequence of events in critically ill patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. They describe a type L characterized by a low elastance, a low ventilation to perfusion ratio, a low lung weight and a low lung recruitability. Worsening patients are supposed to progress from type L to type H. Type H is characterized by a high elastance, a high right-to-left shunt, a high lung weight and a high lung recruitability. As Gattinoni and colleagues complete their editorial, “understanding the correct pathophysiology is crucial to establishing the basis for appropriate treatment”.

Postmortem biopsies were performed in Lille University Hospital between 2020 March 6th and April 5th 2020 on six COVID-19 positive patients at different stages of the disease, after family consent. For the first patient, who died early in its disease course after withdrawing of treatment, 5 days after the beginning of fever, we found a lymphocytic viral pneumonia (Fig. 1a) that could be considered as type L. For five other patients, who died later in their disease course, around 20 days after the beginning of symptoms with a phenotype H, the histologic pattern was an acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP), characterized by an extensive intra-alveolar fibrin deposition called fibrin «balls», rather than hyaline membranes. Organizing pneumonia consisting of intraluminal loose connective tissue was observed within the alveolar ducts and bronchioles associated with the fibrinous acute injury (Fig. 1b). Fibroblastic bodies and fibroblasts surrounding intra-alveolar fibrin were seen in all cases (Fig. 1c), as well as a moderate interstitial T-cell lymphocytic, a plasma cells infiltrate, and type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia with cytologic atypia. Vascular injury was also a prominent feature readily, demonstrated by endothelial injury with cytoplasmic vacuolization and cell detachment in small to medium-sized pulmonary arteries (1D).

Fig. 1

COVID-19 pulmonary histological findings. a Infiltration of alveolar walls by numerous lymphocytes and edema (thin arrow). Type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia with cytologic atypia (thick arrow). HES × 200. b Intraluminal loose connective tissue (thin arrow) within bronchiole (bronchiolitis obliterans). Bronchiolar epithelium, thick arrow HES × 200. c Organizing pneumonia (thin arrow) within the alveolar ducts coexisting with fibrin balls (thick arrow). HES × 200. d Endothelial damage: cytoplasmic vacuolization of endothelial cells (arrow). HES × 200

AFOP, a rare form of acute lung injury, was first described by Beasley et al. [2] and found in SARS-CoV-1 positive cases [3]. This pattern differs from the diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) found in the classic ARDS by the fact that organizing intra-alveolar fibrin constitutes the dominant histologic finding.

From our findings, the fibrin exsudative presence both in alveolar spaces and bronchioles followed by the fibroblastic phase as well as the endothelial injury raise the question of the use of corticosteroids. Indeed, AFOP, especially in its subacute presentation by contrast to the fulminant presentation, is a cortico-sensitive pathology [2, 4, 5]. The AFOP pattern highlights the need for a well-designed controlled trial, the best schedule of corticotherapy remaining to be determined.

In addition, the obliterative pattern of lung injury in severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection raises question about the potential deleterious effect of a ventilation at high PEEP level. Ventilation protocol should be tailored according to patient phenotype in order to avoid additional damage.

In conclusion, lung injury in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is not a diffuse alveolar damage. Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is crucial to apply the appropriate treatment.