Four decades of new vascular plant records for Greenland.

Records of new species of vascular plants in Greenland from the last four decades are presented and new phytogeographical data leading to extension of the known distribution limits in Greenland are discussed. Since the publication of the latest edition of the Flora of Greenland in 1978 (Böcher et al. 1978) fieldwork by Greenland Botanical Survey and other expeditions have taken place especially in West and East Greenland and in many remote areas in North and Northeast Greenland. This paper serves as an update of the Flora of Greenland. Twenty species, one subspecies and one new forma have been added to the flora of Greenland: Carex membranacea Hook., Carex miliaris Michx., Carex rhomalea (Fernald) Mack., Equisetum hyemale L., Festuca edlundiae S. Aiken, Consaul and Lefkovich, Festuca groenlandica (Schol.) Frederiksen, Festuca saximontana Rydb., Galium verum L., Geum rossii (R. Br.) Ser., Papaver cornwallisense D. Löve, Papaver dahlianum Nordh., Papaver labradoricum (Fedde) Solstad and Elven, Papaver lapponicum (Tolm.) Nordh., Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. albolabiata Hult., Poa flexuosa Sm., Puccinellia bruggemanni Th. Sør., Ranunculus subrigidus W.B. Drew., Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, Trientalis europaea L. and Veronica officinalis L. in addition to one subspecies Phippsia algida (Sol.) R. Br. ssp. algidiformis (H. Sm.) Löve and Löve. The viviparous form of Poa hartzii f. prolifera has been reported for the first time in Greenland. Presently, the total number of vascular plant species in Greenland is 532. 89 new northern and 28 new southern distribution limits are presented and 26 species are new to the flora province East Greenland, whereas 15 species are new to West Greenland. The numbers of new species to flora provinces North and South Greenland are 14 and one, respectively. Christian Bay.

Introduction

Greenland is the largest island in the world, extending from c. 60° to c. 83° northern latitude, and it includes all the Arctic bioclimatic zones (Raynolds et al. 2019) from the subarctic zone in continental areas in southernmost Greenland to the polar desert zone in coastal areas of North Greenland (Bay 1997). Ice-free areas have a varying width of up to 200 km from the outer coast to the Inland Ice. This large variation in climate from coastal to inland areas, in addition to large differences in regional geology and soils, gives rise to a large number of biological niches. Despite this fact only 532 species of vascular plants are known from Greenland, which is a low number considering the size and distribution of the island in all the bioclimatic zones of the Arctic. The immigration of species is restricted because of the remoteness of Greenland to neighboring territories in North America and Eurasia. The species number in the neighboring arctic territories in Canada, Russia, and Norway, which covers larger or smaller areas compared to Greenland, is 375 (Gillespie et al. 2015), 1691 (Sekretareva 2004) and 184 (Alsos et al. 2017), respectively. Generally, the Arctic flora is young with low species diversity, low endemicity, and is little influenced by alien species (Daniëls et al. 2013). Recently an updated red list of Greenland has been published including all endemic species of vascular plants (Boertmann and Bay 2019).

An updated flora is an important baseline information when assessing the changes in number and species composition in a changing climate in the near future.

The vascular plant flora of Greenland has been studied intensively during the latest decades and three phytogeographical papers have been published based on material in the Copenhagen herbarium (C) and other herbaria. South Greenland was studied by Feilberg (1984), North Greenland by Bay (1992), and West Greenland by Fredskild (1996); in addition the material from East Greenland is under preparation by C. Bay. Taxonomical revisions of species complexes by Solstad and Elven ( complex) and Myhre Pedersen and Elven ( complex) have added a few species.

The botanical exploration of Greenland started in the easily accessed areas in South and West Greenland, whereas the exploration of the remote areas in North and Northeast Greenland followed decades later. Greenland Botanical Survey at University of

Copenhagen carried out floristic and vegetation studies in most parts of Greenland during the period 1962–1998 (Bay et al. 2017).

Since the publication of the Flora of Greenland (Böcher et al. 1978), one update was made 25 years ago (Bay 1993) that summarized the total number of vascular plant species to 513. During the latest 15 years the total number of vascular plants has been increased by nineteen species giving a total of 532 species. The present paper concerns all the finds of new taxa to Greenland and the new distributional records since the Flora of Greenland was published forty years ago.

An updated flora is an important baseline information when assessing the changes in number and species composition in a changing climate in the near future. An update of the none-native vascular plants in the Arctic has been published recently (Wasowicz et al. 2020).

Methods and materials

Fieldwork in recent years by the Greenland Botanical Survey (GBS) and others (Table 1) have resulted in finds of species new to the flora of Greenland and have extended the knowledge on northern and southern distribution limits for many species. Especially, fieldwork in North and Northeast Greenland in the eighties and nineties, which have been inaccessible for decades because of their remoteness, has added new phytogeographical knowledge. In addition valuable data have been collected from mid-West Greenland when Jon Feilberg and Vilhelm Dalgaard were leaders of the Arctic station on the island Disko.

Table 1.

New phytogeographical records of vascular plant by the Greenland Botanical Survey and others during 1979–2019. For each species the floristic province, locality, phytogeographical record and the publication or the collector are provided.

Taxon	Floristic province and locality	Phytogeographical records	Reference; Publication/ Collector
Alchemilla glomerulans Bus.	East Greenland: Bjørneøer	New north limit: 71°10'N	I. Smart leg. 1980
Antennaria angustata Greene	West Greenland: Isua	New south limit: 65°12'N	Bay and Simonsen 2013
Antennaria canescens (Lge.) Malte	West Greenland: Melville Bugt. East Greenland: Grandjean Fjord	New north limit in West: 75°25'N; New north limit in East Greenland 75°00'N	Bay 1992 Halliday 2019a
Antennaria porsildii E. Ekmann	East Greenland: Kuhn Ø	New north limit 74°44'N	G. Halliday leg. 1990
Arabis arenicola (Richards) Gel.	East Greenland: Lindemann Fjord	New north limit: 74°38'N	G. Halliday leg. 1980
Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng.	East Greenland: Kuhn Ø	New north limit: 75°N	R. Corner and G. Halliday leg. 1990
Arnica angustifolia M. Vahl	North Greenland: Frigg Fjord	New north limit: 83°04'N	Bay 1992
Arenaria humifusa Wahlenb.	East Greenland	New north limit: 75°52'N New south limit: 70°20'N	Halliday 2019a
Arctagrostis latifolia (R.Br.) Griseb.	East Greenland: Hjørnedal	New south limit: 70°19'N	Halliday 2019a
Bartsia alpina L.	East Greenland: Kap Beaupré	New north limit: 68°54'N	Gilg et al. 2005
Betula nana L.	East Greenland: Adolf Jensen Land	New north limit: 76°16'N	Halliday 2019a
Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swe.	East Greenland: Gaus Halvø	New north limit: 73°18'N	O. Gilg leg. 2005
Braya thorild-wulffii Ostf.	West Greenland: Disko	New south limit: 69°54'N	Fredskild 1996
Calamagrostis lapponica (Wbg.) Hartm. var. groenlandica Lge.	West Greenland	New south limit: 66°13'N	Bay and Simonsen 2009
Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertm., Mey. & Scherb.	East Greenland: Kuhn Ø	New north limit: 74°44'N	R. Corner and G. Halliday leg. 1990
Calamagrostis purpurascens R. Br.	East Greenland: Skjoldungen district	New south limit: 63°21'N	C. Bay leg. 1992
Campanula gieseckiana Vest in R. and S.	East Greenland: Dove Bugt	New north limit: 76°16'N	D. Shaw leg. 2006
Cardamine pratensis L.	North Greenland: Nansen Land	New north limit: 82°58'N	Bay 1992
Carex atrofusca Schkuhr.	North Greenland: Nansen Land	New to North Greenland: 82°58'N	Bay 1992
Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh.	East Greenland: Jameson Land and Tyrolerfjord	New to East Greenland: 71°10'N and 74°30'N	A. Elvebakk leg. 1993, Bay 2015
Carex glacialis Mack.	North Greenland: Wulff Land	New north limit: 82°10'N	Bay 1992
Carex glareosa Wahlenberg	East Greenland: Kuhn Ø	New north limit: 75°01'N	G. Halliday leg. 1990
Carex holostoma Drej.	West Greenland	New south limit: 65°32'N	C. Bay leg. 2009
Carex lachenalii Schkuhr.	West Greenland: Etah. East Greenland: Langesø	New north limit in West Greenland: 78°20'N and in East Greenland: 75°49'N	Bay 1992, Halliday 2019a
Carex macloviana D´Urv	Northeast Greenland: Adolf Jensen Land	New north limit: 74°38'N	R. Corner leg. 2002
Carex marina Dew. ssp. pseudolagopina (Th. Sør.) Böch.	North Greenland: Nansen Land	New to North Greenland 82°58'N New north limit: 83°16'N	Bay 1991, F. Schwartzenbach leg. 1996
Carex membranacea Hook.	West Greenland: Inglefield Land and Fortune Bay	New to Greenland	R. Elven pers. com.
Carex microglochin Wbg.	West Greenland: Uvkusigssat Fj., East Greenland: Grandjean Fjord	New north limit in West Greenland: 72°15'N and in East Greenland: 74°57'N	Fredskild 1996, J. Hoodson and C. Wells leg. 1990
Carex misandra R. Br.	West Greenland: Isua	New south limit: 65°12'N	Bay and Simonsen 2013
Carex miliaris Michx.	West Greenland	New to Greenland	Myhre Pedersen pers. com.
Carex norvegica Retz.	East Greenland: Femdalen	New north limit: 75°18'N	Bay 1992
Carex parallela (Læst.) Sommerf.	East Greenland: Adolf S. Jensen Land	New north limit: 76°16'N	R. Corner leg. 2006
Carex rhomalea (Fernald) Mack.	West and East Greenland	New to Greenland	Myhre Pedersen pers. com.
Carex rupestris	North Greenland: Nansen Land	New north limit: 82°58'N	Bay 1992
Carex rostrata Stokes	East Greenland: Skjoldungen	New to East Greenland: 63°21'N	C. Bay 1992 leg.
Carex scirpoidea Michx.	East Greenland: Kuhn Ø	New north limit: 74°46'N	R. Corner and Halliday leg. 1990.
Carex supina Wbg. ssp. spaniocarpa (Steud.) Hult.	West Greenland: Siorapaluk	New north limit: 77°48'N	Bay 1992
Cerastium cerastoides (L.) Britton	East Greenland: Lindemann Fjord	New north limit: 74°38'N	Bay 1992
Comarum palustre L.	West Greenland:	New north limit: 68°40'N	Fredskild 1996
Deschampsia pumila Ostenf.	East Greenland: Norske Øer	New north limit: 79°03'N	Bay 1992
Deschampsia alpina (L.) R. and S.	West Greenland	New north limit: 68°37'N	Fredskild 1996
Diapensia lapponica L. ssp. lapponica	West Greenland: Qaanaaq	New north limit: 77°28'N	Bay 1992
Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub	East Greenland: Milne Land	New to East Greenland 70°35'N	C. Bay leg. 2014
Draba adamsii Led.	West Greenland Nugssuaq	New south limit: 70°17'N	Fredskild 1996
Draba arctica J. Vahl	East Greenland: Sortekappasset	New south limit: 68°31'N	Halliday 2019b
Draba cana Rydb.	South Greenland: Kvanefjeld	New south limit: 61°00'N	C. Simonsen 2014
Draba crassifolia Graham	East Greenland: Kuhn Ø	New north limit: 74°46'N	Halliday 2019a
Draba fladnizensis Wulf.	East Greenland: Skjoldungen	New south limit: 63°28'N	C. Bay leg. 1992
Draba subcapitata Simm.	Tasiilaq dist.	New south limit: 66°55'N	Halliday 2019b
Dryas octopetala L. ssp. punctata (Juz.) Hult.	East Greenland: Amdrup Land	New to North Greenland: 80°49'N	Bay and Fredskild 1994
Dryopteris assimilis Walker	East Greenland: Fridtjof Nansens Halvø	New to East Greenland: 64°20'N	K. Gormsen leg. 1968
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott	East Greenland: Skjoldungen	New to East Greenland: 63°21'N	C. Bay 1992 leg.
Dupontia fisheri R. Br.	East Greenland: Wollaston Forland	New to East Greenland: 74°29´-74°37'N	Fredskild and Bay 1993
Dupontia psilosantha Rupr.	East Greenland: Hochstetter Forland	New north limit: 75°28'N	Bay 1992
Elymus hyperarcticus (Polunin) Tzvel.	East Greenland: Jameson Land	New south limit: 70°44'N	Fredskild and Bay 1984
Empetrum nigrum L. ssp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Böch.	North Greenland: Mylius Erichsen Land	New north limit and new to North Greenland: 80°20'N	F. Daniëls leg. 1995
Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam.	West Greenland: Hareøen East Greenland: Allday dal	New north limit in West Greenland: 70°23'N New north limit in East Greenland 71°44'N	Fredskild 1996 S. Holt leg. 1983
Epilobium arcticum Sam.	North Greenland: Frigg Fjord	New north limit: 83°15'N	F. Schwartzenbach leg. 1996
Equisetum hyemale L.	East Greenland: Tasiilaq	New to Greenland: 65°53'N	Daniëls and Van Herk 1984
Erigeron humilis Graham	East Greenland: Godfred Hansen Ø	New north limit: 76°23'N	Bay 1992
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. ssp. subarcticum (V. Vassil.) Hult.	West Greenland: Thule district	New north limit: 77°28'N	Bay 1992
Eriophorum callitrix Cham.	West and North Greenland: Qaanaaq and Nansen Land	New to West Greenland at 77°28'N and new north limit in North Greenland: 82°58'N	C. Bay 1988, leg. 1989
Eutrema edwardsii R. Br.	East Greenland: Sødal	New south limit: 70°42'N	R. Corner leg. 1986
Festuca baffinensis Polunin	East Greenland: Kangerlussuaq	New south limit: 68°49'N	Halliday 2019b
Festuca edlundiae S. Aiken, Consaul and Lefkovich	East Greenland: Hold with Hope	New to Greenland: 73°28'N	Aiken, Consaul and Lefkovich 1995
Festuca groenlandica (Schol.) Frederiksen	Low Arctic Greenland	New to Greenland	Frederiksen 1982
Festuca saximontana Rydb.	Low Arctic West Greenland	New to Greenland	Fredskild 1996
Galium verum L.	East Greenland: Tasiilaq	New to Greenland	Gartmann 1990
Gentiana detonsa Rottb.	East Greenland: Tyrolerfjord; Renland	New north limit: 74°30'N New south limit: 70°26'N	R. and S. David leg. 1992; G. Halliday 1971
Gentiana nivalis L.	East Greenland: Geographical Society Ø	New north limit: 72°52'N	D. Shaw leg. 2005
Geum rossii (R. Br.) Ser.	East Greenland: Lambert Land	New to Greenland: 79°10'N	Bay 1992
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman	East Greenland: Liverpool Ld.	New north limit: 71°08'N	B. Fredskild leg. 1985
Harrimanella hypnoides (L.) Coville	East Greenland: Kuhn Ø	New north limit: 74°42'N	Halliday 2019a
Isoëtes echinospora Dur. ssp. muricata (Dur.) Löve and Löve	East Greenland: Skjoldungen	New to East Greenland: 63°21'N	C. Bay leg. 1992
Juncus alpinus Vill. ssp. nodulosus (Wbg.) Lindm.	West Greenland	New north limit: 69°35'N	Fredskild 1996
Juncus arcticus Willd.	East Greenland: Nørlund Land	New north limit: 75°51'N	G. Halliday leg. 1980
Juncus castaneus Sm.	North Greenland: Nansen Land	New north limit: 82°58'N	Bay 1992
Juncus filiformis L.	East Greenland: Skjoldungen	New to East Greenland: 63°21'N	C. Bay leg. 1992
Juncus ranarius Perr. and Song.	East Greenland: Liverpool Ld.	New north limit: 71°08'N	B. Fredskild leg. 1985
Juncus trifidus L.	West and East Greenland	New north limits in West: 72°40'N and in East: 74°44'N	Fredskild 1996 Bay 1992
Kobresia simpliciuscula (Wbg.) Mack.	North Greenland: Warming Land	New to western North Greenland	Bay 1992
X Ledodendron vanhoeffeni (Abromeit) Dalgaard and Fredskild	West Greenland: Paradisdalen	New south limit: 66°30'N	Fredskild 1996
Ledum groenlandicum Oed.	West Greenland: Egedesminde	New north limit: 68°42'N	Fredskild 1996
Ledum palustre L. ssp. decumbens (Ait.) Hult.	West Greenland: Mac Cormick Fjord	New north limit: 77°44'N	Bay 1992
Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv.	East Greenland: Jameson Land	New north limit: 70°44'N	C. Bay leg. 1983
Luzula arctica Blytt	West Greenland: Isua	New south limit: 65°12'N	Bay and Simonsen 2013
Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej.	East Greenland: Geographical Society Ø	New north limit: 72°42'N	D. Shaw leg. 2005
Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv.	East Greenland: Skjoldungen	New to East Greenland: 63°21'N	C. Bay leg. 1992
Luzula spicata (L.) DC	East Greenland: Godfred Hansen Ø	New north limit: 76°23'N	Bay 1992
Luzula wahlenbergii Rupr.	East Greenland: Dove Bugt	New north limit: 76°17'N	R. Corner and D. Shaw leg. 2006
Melandrium affine J Vahl coll.	East Greenland: Mt. Forel	New south limit: 66°46'N	Halliday 2019b
Menyanthes trifoliata L.	East Greenland: Jameson Land	New to East Greenland: 71°17'N	B. Fredskild and C. Bay leg. 1982
Mertensia maritima (L.) S. F. Gray	East Greenland: Zackenberg	New north limit in East Greenland: 74°28'N	C. Bay leg. 2005
Minuartia biflora (L.) Sch. and Th.	West and East Greenland	New north limits in West Greenland: 77°48'N and in East Greenland: 79°08'N	Bay 1992
Minuartia groenlandica (Retz.) Ostf.	West Greenland: Kitdlerngata	New north limit: 68°32'N	Fredskild 1996
Minuartia stricta (Sw.) Hiern	West and East Greenland	New north limits in West Greenland: 76°31'N and new south and north limit in East Greenland: 66°35'N and 77° 30'N, resp.	Bay 1992 Halliday 2019b
Montia fontana L.	East Greenland, Forsblads Fjord	New north limit in East Greenland: 72°25'N	R. and S. David leg. 1993
Papaver cornwallisense D. Löve	North and East Greenland	New to Greenland	H. Solstad pers. com.
Papaver dahlianum Nordh.	West, North and East Greenland	New to Greenland	H. Solstad pers. com.
Papaver labradoricum (Fedde) Solstad and Elven	West and East Greenland	New to Greenland	H. Solstad pers. com.
Papaver lapponicum (Tolm.) Nordh.	West Greenland	New to Greenland	H. Solstad pers. com.
Pedicularis capitata Adams	West Greenland	New south limit: 77°42'N	Bay 1992
Pedicularis flammea L.	West Greenland: Qaanaaq	New north limit: 77°28'N	F. Rune leg. 2017
Pedicularis lapponica L.	East Greenland: Bessel Fjord	New north limit: 75°58'N	G. Halliday leg. 1980
Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. albolabiata Hult.	West Greenland: Thule district	New to Greenland: 77°28'N	Bay 1992
Phleum commutatum Gaud.	East Greenland: Jameson Land	New north limit: 70°58'N	Fredskild and Feilberg 1984
Phippsia algida ssp. algidiformis (H. Sm.) Löve and Löve	Northern Greenland	New subspecies to Greenland	Bay 1992
Poa abbreviata R.Br.	East Greenland: Kangerlussuaq	New south limit: 68°49'N	Halliday 2019b
Poa alpina L.	East Greenland: Nørlund Land	New north limit: 75°49'N	Halliday 2019b
Poa flexuosa Sm.	West Greenland	New to Greenland	Fredskild 1996
Poa hartzii Gandoger forma prolifera (Simm.) Boivin	North Greenland, Easternmost part	New forma to Greenland	Bay 1992
Poa pratensis L. ssp. colpodea (Th. Fr.) Tzvelev	East Greenland: Constable Pynt	New south limit: 70°44'N	Fredskild and Feilberg 1983
Potamogeton filiformis Pers.	East Greenland: Droning Louise Land	New north limit: 76°52'N	Bay 1992
Potamogeton praelongus Wulf.	West Greenland: Kangerdlugssuaq	New to West Greenland: 66°N	Bennike and Anderson 1998
Potamogeton pusillus L. ssp. groenlandicus (Hagstr.) Böch.	East Greenland: Skjoldungen	New to East Greenland: 63°21'N	C. Bay leg. 1992
Potentilla stipularis L.	East Greenland: Kuhn Ø	New north limit: 74°47'N	Bay 1992
Primula stricta Hornem.	East Greenland: Kuhn Ø	New north limit: 74°44'N	G. Halliday leg. 1990
Puccinellia bruggemanni Th. Sør.	North Greenland	New to Greenland	Bay 1992
Puccinellia vaginata (Lange) Fernald and Weath.	East Greenland: Bessel Fjord	New north limit: 75°58'N	G. Halliday leg. 1980
Pyrola grandiflora Rad.	East Greenland: Lindeman Fjord	New north limit: 74°40'N	K. Cartwright leg. 2002
Pyrola minor L.	West Greenland East Greenland: Milne Land	New north limit in West Greenland: 70°44'N New north limit in East Greenland: 70°44'N	Fredskild 1996 Corner leg. 1986
Ranunculus auricomus L. coll.	East Greenland: Clavering Ø	New north limit: 74°19'N	Halliday 2019a
Ranunculus glacialis L.	East Greenland: Nørre Mellemland	New north limit: 78°33'N	Bay 1992
Ranunculus nivalis L.	North Greenland: Peary Land	New north limit and new to North Greenland: 82°30'N	Bay 1992
Ranunculus pygmaeus Wbg.	East Greenland: Lambert Land	New north limit: 78°08'N	Bay 1992
Ranunculus sabinei R. Br.	East Greenland	New south limit: 74°51'N	Andersson leg. 1988
Ranunculus subrigidus W.B. Drew.	West and North Greenland	New to Greenland	R. Elven pers. com.
Rumex acetosella	East Greenland: Bessel Fjord	New north limit: 75°59'N	Halliday 2019a
Sagina caespitosa (J. Vahl) Lge.	West Greenland: Thule district; East Greenland: Kangerlussuaq	New north limit in West Greenland: 77°28'N New south limit in East Greenland: 68°09'N	Bay 1992 Kristine Westergaard leg. 2019
Sagina procumbens L.	East Greenland: Nørrefjord	New north limit in East Greenland: 71°08'N	B. Fredskild leg. 1985
Sagina saginoides (L.) Karst.	East Greenland: Jameson Land	New north limit: 70°47'N	R. Corner leg. 1986
Salix glauca L. coll.	West Greenland: Tugtuligssuaq	New north limit: 75°25'N	Bay 1992
Saxifraga aizoides L.	North Greenland: Campanula Dal	New north limit: 81°13'N	Bay 1992
Saxifraga foliolosa R. Br.	West Greenland: Narsaq East Greenland: Tasiilaq	New south limit in West Greenland: 61°N East Greenland: 65°35'N	Simonsen 2014; L. de Bonneval
Saxifraga hieracifolia W. and K.	West Greenland: Inglefield Land	New to West Greenland: 78°35'N	J. Feilberg leg. 1999
Saxifraga hirculus L.	East Greenland: Søndre Mellemland	New north limit: 78°05'N	Bay 1992
Sibbaldia procumbens L.	East Greenland: Kuhn Ø	New north limit: 74°44'N	Bay 1992
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke	East Greenland: Tasiilaq	New to Greenland	Gartmann 1990
Taraxacum brachyceras Dahlst.	East Greenland: Kuhn Ø	New north limit: 74°44'N	G. Halliday leg.1990
Taraxacum pumilum Dahlst.	East Greenland: Shannon	New south limit: 75°11'N	Bay 1992
Tofieldia coccinea Richards.	North Greenland: Mylius Erichsen Land	New to North Greenland: 80°30'N	F. Daniëls leg. 1995
Tofieldia pusilla (Mixch) Pers.	East Greenland: Bessel Fjord	New north limit: 75°58'N	G. Halliday leg. 1980
Trientalis europaea L.	South Greenland	New to Greenland: 60°58'N	Bay 1993
Triglochin palustris L.	East Greenland: Tyroler Fjord	New north limit: 74°29'N	C. Bay leg. 2015
Tripleurospermum maritima (L.) W.D.J. Koch	East Greenland	New north and south limits: Revet (74°22'N); Sydkap (71°18'N).	Fredskild leg. 1991; Halliday 2019a
Utricularia minor L.	East Greenland: Jameson Land	New north limit: 71°33'N; New south limit: 71°06'N	R. Corner leg.; Bay and Fredskild 1982
Vaccinium myrtillus L.	East Greenland: Skjoldungen	New to East Greenland: 63°12'N	C. Bay leg. 1992
Veronica officinalis L.	East Greenland: Tasiilaq	New to Greenland	Gartmann 1990
Woodsia alpina (Bolt.) S. F. Grey	West Greenland: Melville Bugt East Greenland: Lyell Land	New north limit in West Greenland: 75°25'N; New north limit in East Greenland limit: 72°40'N	Bay 1992 R. and S. David leg. 1993
Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br.	East Greenland: Hold With Hope	New north limit: 73°33'N	Hartz leg. 1891

Several botanist have contributed with important knowledge to the flora of Greenland. B. Fredskild worked in Northeast Greenland ten summers in the period 1982–1996 and more than twenty seasons in West Greenland, while C. Bay worked 29 summers in Greenland, mostly in high arctic areas.

Other important contributors are P. Gelting, G. Seidenfaden, T. Sørensen, F. Rune, G. Halliday, R. Corner, R. and S. David, H. Lang and F. Schwartzenbach, who have contributed with important collections from West, East and North Greenland to the Greenland herbarium of University of Copenhagen. A large number of specimens was collected, identified and stored in C. This information is gathered in the yearly Greenland Botanical Survey reports and is the main basis for this paper together with specimens from other herbaria and recent finds. The nomenclature is according to Böcher et al. 1978.

Results

Twenty species, one subspecies and a new forma have been added to the flora of Greenland since the last edition of The Flora of Greenland (Böcher et al. 1978): Hook., Michx., (Fernald) Mack., L., Aiken, Consaul and Lefkovich, (Schol.) Frederiksen, Rydb., L., (R. Br.) Ser., D. Löve, Nordh., (Fedde) Solstad and Elven, (Tolm.) Nordh., Hult., Sm., Th. Sør., W.B. Drew., (Moench) Garcke, L. and L. In addition one subspecies (H. Sm.) Löve and Löve is a new taxon to the flora of Greenland. The viviparous form of has been reported for the first time in Greenland. The total number of vascular plant species for Greenland is 532. The results are presented in Table 1.

Of the 532 species in Greenland 89 species (17%) are recorded north of their known northern distribution limit, and 28 species (5%) are recorded south of their known southern limit. Twelve species are new to East Greenland and three are new to West Greenland. The new phytogeographical records are summarized in Table 1 and the floristic provinces are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

The floristic provinces of Greenland (Böcher et al. 1978).

Discussion

Generally, the findings of species new to Greenland and extensions of the distribution areas are mostly due to the fact that botanical explorations have taken place in remote areas supported by helicopter and aircrafts, which hitherto had only been accessible by boat. Many inland areas both in West and East Greenland have been investigated in recent decades. The extension of the distribution limits is not considered a result of climate change but rather a result of the intensification of the botanical exploration of remote areas. The fruits or spores of new species have either been brought to Greenland by migrating geese (i.e. ) or introduced by man (i.e. , , ). Table 1 summarize the new phytogeographical data and the most notable finds are annotated.

Annotated list of new vascular plant records for Greenland New species to the flora of Greenland since 1978

Hook., Michx, (Fernald) Mack.

During the revision of the complex a new species to Greenland, Hooker, was found in Inglefield Land, Northwest Greenland, and in Fortune Bay in central West Greenland. Furthermore the complex was divided into three taxa by R. Elven: s.str., (Fernald) Mack., and Michx. of which (Fernald) Mack., and Michx. are new to the flora of Greenland.

L.

The boreal species was found in Tasiilaq district, Southeast Greenland (65°53'N) by Daniels and Van Herk (1984). The species is indigenous in Greenland and has probably immigrated to the east coast from Iceland by means of airborn spores.

S. Aiken, Consaul and Lefkovich

Only one specimen of this recently described species is available in C. The collection is from Hold with Hope (73°28'N) in Northeast Greenland. Aiken et al. (2007) indicate that the species is found both in West and East Greenland. These specimens has not been included in the present study.

(Schol.) Frederiksen

In Böcher et al. (1978) is included as the var. of . This taxon has been accepted at species level by Frederiksen (1982). Rydb.

Frederiksen (1982) published the find of this species as a new to Greenland and Fredskild (1996) mapped the distribution in Greenland between 64° and 70°N on the west coast.

L.

This boreal species has been found once in Tasiilaq in Southeast Greenland (Gartmann 1990).

R. Br.

This species was found in Lambert Land (79°10'N) during the botanical mapping project in Northeast Greenland (Bay 1992). Only one individual of this Arctic-Alpine species was found in an open fell field vegetation

complex

Hitherto, the Greenlandic material of has been referred to Rotth. coll. but in the flora (Böcher et al. 1978) a few subspecies are mentioned. However, a taxonomical revision by Solstad and Elven concluded that the complex consist of four occurring in Greenland: D. Löve, Nordh., (Fedde) Solstad and Elven and (Tolm.) Nordh. Consequently, Rotth. is excluded from the flora.

All four species occur in East Greenland although was only found once in the Scoresbysund area, whereas the other species are widespread (Solstad pers. com.). Hult.

The first record of this species new to Greenland was collected in the vicinity of Qaanaaq (77°28'N) in northwest Greenland in 1975, but it was first correctly identified in 1985 as by Halliday and Lang (1986). The species is only known from five localities in Thule district, Northwest Greenland (Bay 1992).

Sm.

This species was recognized and accepted as occurring in Greenland by Gjærevoll and Ryvarden (1977). Its present distribution in Greenland is from Ingitait Fjord (61°09'N) in Southeast Greenland to Ikorfat (70°45'N) in West Greenland. Nearly all collections in C and AAU are found at an altitude of 450–1400 m a.s.l. (Fredskild 1996).

Th. Sør.

In connection with the phytogeographical study of North Greenland (Bay 1992), the revision of the material revealed 15 collections of a species new to Greenland: Th. Sør. The species was considered as endemic to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (Aiken et al. 2007), now also including high arctic Greenland (Bay 1992).

W.B. Drew.

R. Elven found this species new to the flora of Greenland among specimens from Northwest and North Greenland during a revision of Fr. specimens in C. (Moench) Garcke

This boreal amphi-atlantic species has been found once in Tasiilaq (66°N) in Southeast Greenland (Gartmann 1990).

L.

New to Greenland, found for the first time in 1992 in South Greenland (60°58'N) (Gartmann 1990). This boreal-alpine species is distributed mainly in Europe with its northern outpost in subarctic South Greenland and Iceland.

L.

This amphi-atlantic species has been found once in Tasiilaq in Southeast Greenland (66°N) (Gartmann 1990).

New subspecies to the flora of Greenland

The subspecies (H. Sm.) Löve and Löve was found during the phytogeographical work in North Greenland (Bay 1992). It is distributed in high arctic Greenland from Scoresbysund (70°N) in East Greenland through North Greenland to the Thule district in Northwest Greenland (Bay 1992).

New forma to the flora of Greenland

The viviparous form of (Simm.) Boivin has been found three times in Greenland. The localities are close to each other in the easternmost part of North Greenland. Two collections are from Kap København (82°23–24'N) in Peary Land and one from Prinsesse Margrethe Ø southeast of Peary Land. The form is described from material collected at Ellesmere Island and the only other collection outside

Greenland is from a small island near Devon Island (Scoggan 1978–1979). The distribution of s.l. is Amphi-Atlantic high arctic.

Species new to West Greenland

Cham.

First record is from Qaanaaq (77°28'N) in West Greenland collected by C. Bay in 1988.

Wulf.

First record in West Greenland at Kangerdlugssuak (66°32'N) by Bennike and Anderson (1998). The species is otherwise only known from Rypefjord (71°02) in central East Greenland.

W. and K.

This species was found in Inglefield Land (78°35'N) by F. Feilberg in 1999.

Species new to East Greenland

Ehrh.

Until 1993 the species was only known from a few localities in southernmost Greenland (Feilberg 1984). A. Elvebakk found the species in Jameson Land (71°10'N) on the east coast in 1993 and C. Bay found the species further to the north at Tyroler Fjord (74°28'N) in 2015 – an extension of the distribution area of c. 350 kilometers. Fruits from the species are presumably transported to East Greenland by migrating geese from Iceland.

Stokes

This species was found at one locality in Skjoldungen district (63°21'N) by C. Bay. It is the first record of in East Greenland (Fredskild and Bay 1993).

(L.) Holub.

During fieldwork in 2014 C. Bay found one specimen of the species at Mudderbugten, Milne Land (70°35'N) in central East Greenland.

Walker

This species was collected at Fridtjof Nansens Halvø (64°20'N) by K. Gormsen in 1968. (L.) Schott

This boreal species was found at three sites in Skjoldungen district (63°13'–21'N) during Greenland Botanical Surveys fieldwork in Southeast Greenland in 1992.

R. Br.

The species was collected by B. Fredskild at Zackenberg (74°28'N) for the first time in East Greenland in 1992.

(Dur.) Löve and Löve

The species was found by C. Bay at one locality (63°21'N) in Skjoldungen district.

L.

The species was found at three localities in Skjoldungen district between 63°16' and 63°21'N by Bay in 1992.

(Ehrh.) Desv.

The species was found at two localities in Skjoldungen district by C. Bay. The northernmost at 63°16'N

L.

This species has been found for the first time on the west coast of Jameson Land (71°17'N) during the biological fieldwork prior to an oil exploration (Fredskild, Bay and Holt 1982). Totally, it was found in three lakes.

(Hagstr.) Böch.

This species was recorded once in Skjoldungen district (63°21'N) by C. Bay in 1992.

L.

This species was found at Kap Niels Juel (63°12'N) by C. Bay and it is only the second record in Greenland. Hitherto it had only been found on the island Alangorssuaq in South Greenland.

Species new to North Greenland

L.

During fieldwork in eastern Peary Land (82°30'N) in 1987 and in Nansen Land (82°58'N) in 1991 collected the first records of the species in North Greenland (Bay 1992).

Schkuhr.

Finds by C. Bay in 1985 and 1991 in central North Greenland are the first records from North Greenland (Bay 1992). The species has a disjunct distribution in Greenland: In West Greenland it is recorded between Disko (69°16’ N and 71°30'N), in Northwest Greenland between Dundas (76°34'N) and Siorapaluk (77°48'N), plus the isolated records from Warming Land and Brainard Sund in North Greenland. In East Greenland it is distributed between Jameson Land (70°38’ N) and Lambert Land (79°10’ N).

Mack.

The species was collected at 82°10'N in Wulff Land in 1985 by C. Bay.

(Th. Sør.) Böch.

Found at Brainard Sund (82°58'N) in Nansen Land which is the first record from North Greenland (Bay 1992). The only other find from North Greenland is from Mylius Erichsen Land (80°20'N) collected by Daniëls in 1995.

(Juz.) Hult.

This species was collected in Amdrup Land (80°49'N) during the NEWland project in 1993 by C. Bay and B. Fredskild.

Cham.

C. Bay collected the species in Qaanaaq (77°28'N) in 1988 and in Nansen Land (82°58'N) in central North Greenland in 1991, which are the first records from West Greenland and a new north distribution limit in North Greenland.

was not known from North Greenland until F. Daniëls visited Mylius Erichsen Land (80°20'N) in 1995 and found a small population at Amdrup Højland. This is the first find in North Greenland, the previous northernmost record was Danmarkshavn (76°46'N) c. 500 km to the south.

L.

Collected by C. Bay at Kap København in eastern Peary Land (82°30'N), which is the first record from the flora province North Greenland (Bay 1992).

Richards.

F. Daniëls extended the known northern distribution limit in 1995 by finding the species for the first time in North Greenland at Mylius Erichsen Land at 80°30'N

North range extensions in West Greenland

(Lge. Malte)

Found in 1979 at Tugtuligssuaq, Melville Bugt (75°20'N) in northwest Greenland (Fredskild et al. 1979), which is an extension of 300 kilometers from Prøven (72°22'N) and in East Greenland the north range was extended to Kuhn Ø (75°38'N) by G. Halliday.

Mack.

The flora states that it is recorded northward to 73°25'N in West Greenland and has an isolated record at Dundas (76°34'N). It is in addition recorded at six localities in North Greenland, the northern record at 82°10'N in Wulff Land.

Schkuhr.

According to Böcher et al. (1978) Upernavik (72°48'N) is the northernmost record in West Greenland. However the species is collected at four localities north of Upernavik: Tugtuligssuaq (75°25'N), Dunads (76°34'N), Qeqertat (77°30'N) and Etah, Inglefield Land; the new northern distribution limit at (78°18'N).

Wbg.

The species was found at Svartenhuk (72°15'N) (Fredskild 1996).

Böcher et al. (1978) mentions Upernavik (72°47'N) as the northern limit, but it has been recorded four times northwards to Siorapaluk (77°48'N) (Bay 1992).

L.

New north limit in Sydostbugten in West Greenland (68°40'N) (Fredskild 1996).

(L.) R. and S.

New north limit in Sydostbugten in West Greenland at 68°37'N (Fredskild 1996).

North range extension from Upernavik (72°47'N) to Tugtuligssuaq (75°25'N) in 1979 (Fredskild et al. 1979) and further c. 200 kilometers to Qaanaaq (77°28'N) in 1988 (Bay 1992).

(V. Vassil.) Hult.

During GBS´ work in Northwest Greenland in 1979–1988 the species was found in several localities and the northern distribution limit was extended from 74°22'N to Qaanaaq (77°28'N).

Cham.

New to West and North Greenland (Bay 1992). It has isolated occurrences in Thule district and Nansen Land collected by C. Bay in 1988 and 1991, respectively.

L.

New north limits in West Greenland at 72°40'N (Fredskild 1996).

(Ait.) Hult.

The species was known from West Greenland between 62°54'N and 72°51'N before it was found at McCormic Ford in Thule district (77°41'N), which extended the northern distribution limit by c. 500 km.

L.

Bay found it during fieldwork at Moriusaq (76°45'N), West Greenland in 1988 (Bay 1992) and Rune (pers. com.) found it further to the north at Qaanaaq 77°28'N in 2017.

L.

New northern distribution limit at Disko island (70°44'N) in West Greenland.

(Lange) Fernald and Weath.

New north limit at 75°58'N in West Greenland (Fredskild et al. 1982).

(J. Vahl) Lge.

North range extension in West Greenland from Upernavik (72°47'N) to Tugtuligssuaq (75°25'N) in 1979 and further to Qaanaaq (77°28'N) in 1988 (Bay 1992).

L. coll.

Found in 1979 at Tugtuligssuaq, Melville Bugt (75°25'N) (Fredskild et al. 1979). Previous northernmost record was at 74°30'N.

(Bolt.) S. F. Grey.

This species was found at Tugtuligssuaq (75°25'N) in 1979, which is a new north limit for West Greenland (Bay 1992).

North range extensions in East Greenland

(Richards) Gel.

Found further to the north at 74°38'N at Lindeman Fjord by G. Halliday in 1980, an extension of c. 200 kilometers to the north (Halliday 2019b).

(L.) Swe.

O. Gilg collected this species in 2005 on Gaus Halvø (73°18'N), which is a new north limit in East Greenland (Gilg 2005). Halliday (2019a) mentions Shaws collection in 2007 from Ella Ø as the northernmost locality in East Greenland (72°47'N).

D´Urv.

Recorded at Adolf S. Jensen Land (75°25'N) in East Greenland by Corner in 2008 as new north limit. The species was hitherto only known from one locality north of Mestersvig (72°14'N) in East Greenland at Myggbukta (73°31'N) collected by Corner in 2001.

Retz.

New north limit in East Greenland at Femdalen, Ostenfeldts Land (75°18'N).

(Læst.) Sommerf.

Corner collected the species at Adolf S. Jensen Land (76°16'N) in 2006, c 100 kilometers north of the known northern distribution limit.

Michx.

The species was found at Kuhn Ø (74°46'N) in East Greenland by R. Corner and G. Halliday in 1990.

(L.) Britton

New north limit in East Greenland at Lindemann Fjord (74°38'N) collected by G. Halliday (2019b).

Ostenf.

Found at Norske Øer (79°03'N) during the biological mapping project in 1989–1990, which is a new north limit in East Greenland (Bay 1992).

Wulf.

In 1990 it was found at Lambert Land extending the northern distribution limit to 79°08'N (Bay 1992).

Walker

New north limit in Skjoldungen district (64°20'N).

(PoluN) Tzvel.

During the environmental survey prior to an oil exploration in Jameson 1982–1985 the species was found as far south as (70°44'N), which is a new south distribution limit.

Michx.

New north limit in East Greenland at 63°28'N (Fredskild et al. 1992).

Rottb.

R. and S. David collected the species at Tyroler Fjord (74°30'N). This is the northernmost collection in Greenland.

(L.) Newman

Fredskild found at a hot spring in Liverpool Land (71°08'N) in central East Greenland (Fredskild et al. 1987). This is an extension of the northern distribution limit by more than 200 km.

Perr. and Song.

The collection from 1985 by Fredskild from Liverpool Land (71°08'N) in central east Greenland is a new northern record. Hitherto the species is not found north 69°22 ´N L.

New north limit in East Greenland at Kuhn Ø (74°44'N) collected by G. Halliday (2019b).

Rupr.

The species was only known from Zackenberg (74°28'N) until the intensive botanical investigations took place in East Greenland in 1989–1990 (Fredskild and Bay 1990, 1991). The species was found at another ten localities (74°28'–75°55'N) extending the northern distribution limit to Bessel Fj. (75°55'N) (Bay 1992). Corner and Shaw found it further to the north at 76°17'N in 2006.

(L.) S. F. Gray

The species is mainly distributed in the Disko-Nugssuaq (68°–72°30'N) in West Greenland and known from Thule district on the west coast. It was found at Zackenberg research station (74°28'N) in East Greenland in 2005 and disappeared few years later. It was presumably brought from West Greenland by a researcher who had worked in central West Greenland before appearing in East Greenland. In East Greenland it is only known from Tasiilaq (66°N) and Skjoldungen (63°N) in addition to Zackenberg.

(L.) Sch. and Th.

Found at all localities explored in 1979 and 1988 in Northwest Greenland (Fredskild and Bay 1990) and East Greenland in 1989–1990 (Fredskild and Bay 1991, Bay 1992). The known distribution limit is now at 77°48'N in Northwest Greenland and 79°08'N in Northeast Greenland (Bay 1992).

(Sw.) Hiern

The distribution is extended both in West and East Greenland. The species is distributed between 66°20'N and Dundas (76°31'N) in West Greenland (Fredskild 1996) and from Tasiilaq district (66°35') (Halliday 2019a) to Skærfjorden (77°35'N) in East Greenland (Bay 1992).

R. and S. David collected at Forsblads Fjord (72°25'N) in 1993, 700 kilometers north of the hitherto northernmost record in East Greenland at 66°04'N L.

C. Bay collected the species at Nordre Mellemland (80°38'N) in 1990, which is a new northern distribution limit (Bay 1992).

Gaud.

New north limit at Jameson Land (70°58'N) recorded by C. Bay in 1983 (Fredskild 1984).

L.

New northern distribution limit at Milne Land (70°04'N) by C. Bay in 2014.

L.

New north limit at 75°49'N (Halliday 2019b)

Pers.

Until 1989, when it was found at Droning Louise Land (76°52'N) during the biological mapping of East Greenland, the species was recorded northwards in East Greenland to Clavering Ø (74°20'N).

L.

New north limit at Kuhn Ø (74°47'N) (Bay 1992).

Horn

Found on Kuhn Ø during the British North-east Expedition 1990 (Halliday and Corner 1991); an extension of the north limit of c. 100 kilometers.

Rad.

New north limit at 74°40'N collected by Cartwright in 2002.

L.

New northern distribution limit at 70°44'N in Sødal, where the species was found by Corner in 1986.

L. coll.

New north limit at 74°19'N in East Greenland (Halliday 2019a).

L.

The species was found at Nørre Mellemland (78°33'N) in Northeast Greenland in 1989, which is a new northern distribution limit (Bay 1992).

Wbg.

New north limit at Lambert Land (78°08'N) collected by C. Bay and Fredskild in 1990 (Bay 1992).

L.

Found at a hot spring at Nørrefjord, Liverpool Land (71°08'N) during fieldwork of Greenland Botanical Survey in 1985; hitherto not found north of Knighton Bugt (69°22'N) on the east coast.

(L.) Karst.

Found in Jameson Land (70°47'N) by Corner in 1986. Previous northernmost record is at Rømer Fjord (69°43'N).

L.

It was found during the biological mapping of Northeast Greenland in 1990 at Søndre Mellemland (78°05'N) (Bay 1992).

L.

The northern limit was extended by c. 200 kilometers to Kuhn Ø (74°44'N) during the British North-east Expedition in 1990 (Halliday and Corner 1991).

L.

C. Bay found this species at Tyroler Fjord (74°30'N) in 2015, which is the northernmost record in East Greenland. (Bolt.) S. F. Grey.

Halliday (2019a) mentions it from Lyell land (72°40'N), which is a new record for East Greenland.

(L.) R. Br.

Böcher et al. (1978) states that the species is not recorded north of 71°N in East Greenland. However, a specimen from Hold with Hope (73°33'N) by Hartz from 1891 is the northernmost collection from East Greenland.

North range extensions in North Greenland

(Ostf. and Dahl) Juz.

Found at Brainard Sund, Nansen Land (82°58'N) in North Greenland, which is a new north limit (Bay 1992).

M. Vahl

This species has been found four times in central north Greenland; northernmost find at 83°04'N collected by C. Bay in 1985 (Bay 1992).

Mack.

The species was collected at 82°10'N in Wulff Land in 1985 by C. Bay.

All.

New north limit at Brainard Sund (82°58'N) in North Greenland collected by Bay (1992).

Sam.

F. Schwartzenbach collected the species at Frigg Fj. (83°15'N), this is only the third find in the flora province North Greenland. Previously, it has been collected at Centrum Sø (80°10'N).

Sm.

New north limit at Brainard Sund, Nansen Land (82°58'N), which is only the sixth record from North Greenland (Bay 1992).

(Wbg.) Mack.

New to western North Greenland. Hitherto only known from four localities in North Greenland (Bay 1992). It was collected at two localities in Warming Land in central North Greenland in 1985 (Aastrup et al. 1986).

L.

New northern distribution limit at 81°13'N in Mylius Erichsen Land.

South range extensions in West Greenland

Greene

The species was found at Isua (65°12'N) in West Greenland by Bay and Simonsen (2013).

Ostf.

The species was found on the east coast of Disko Island 69°54'N (Fredskild 1996).

Drej.

Found by C. Bay during fieldwork in 2009 and 2013 south of the southern distribution limit. The southernmost find is at 65°32'N.

R. Br.

The new south record at Isua in West Greenland (65°12'N) was recorded in 2012 (Bay and Simonsen 2013).

All.

This northern species has extended the southern distribution limit to 63°59'N in West Greenland.

Rydberg

Found at Narsaq (61°N) by Simonsen in 2014. This is an extension of the south distribution limit by 400 kilometers.

X (Abromeit) Dalgaard and Fredskild.

The species was only known from one locality in central West Greenland (Böcher et al. 1978), but the knowledge of the distribution has been extended by eight finds in central West Greenland southward to 66°30'N (Dalgaard and Fredskild 1993).

Blytt

This northern distributed species was found at a new southern distribution limit in West Greenland during fieldwork in the mining area Isua in West Greenland (Bay and Simonsen 2013).

South range extensions in East Greenland

R. Br.

The species was found at six localities during a Greenland Botanical Surveys expedition to Skjoldungen district in 1992. The southernmost record was at 63°21'N and it is an extension of the distribution area of c. 700 km to the south.

Wulf.

The find of in Skjoldungen district (63°28'N) was an extension of the species east Greenland distribution to the south; hitherto known from East Greenland between Jameson Land (70°N) and Lambert Land (79°10'N).

(PoluN) Tzvel.

The species was collected in Jameson Land (70°44'N) by B. Fredskild and C. Bay in 1982. The hitherto southernmost record was at Botanikerbugt, Ymer Ø (73°10'N).

A. Gray.

Found in Southeast Greenland (63°21'N) by C. Bay in 1992. This is the first find on the east coast between South Greenland and Tasiilaq.

J Vahl

New south limit at Mt. Forel (66°39'N) in East Greenland (Halliday 2019b).

R.Br.

Found at Kangerlussuaq in East Greenland (68°49'N), which is a new south limit (Halliday 2019b).

(Th. Fr.) Tzvelev

New south limit at Constable Pynt (70°44'N).

R. Br.

New south limit at 74°51'N found by Hauge Andersson in 1988.

(J. Vahl) Lge.

K. Westergaard found the species at Kangerlugssuaq (68°09'N) in East Greenland in 2019.

R. Br.

New south limit at Tasiilaq (65°35'N) in Southeast Greenland collected by M. Strandberg.

Dahlst.

New south limit at Shannon at 75°11'N (Bay 1992).

Corrections to the Flora of Greenland (Böcher et al. 1978)

During the study of the vascular plant flora of East Greenland a few corrections to the flora of Greenland (Böcher et al. 1978) showed up.

Fern

No collections from Skjoldungen district have been found in herb. C, BM, LANC or O as stated in the flora of Greenland. Consequently, the species is strictly distributed at the west coast of Greenland.

L.

Northernmost record is from 71°17'N in East Greenland and not as stated in the Flora of Greenland at 72°40'N.

L.

Recent studies show that Retz. is the most common species in the Western Arctic (Elven et al. 2012). It is the only species documented from Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago; its two relatives ( L. f. and L.) occur together with H. on the American mainland, but not in Greenland.

(L.) Ehrh.

The northernmost locality is Siorapaluk (77°48'N) in West Greenland (Fredskild and Bay 1988) and Mørkefjord (77°55'N) in East Greenland. No specimens of has been found in Inglefield Land, which is the northern limit according to Böcher et al. (1978).

L.

No evidence has been found of L. occurring at 69°43'N in East Greenland. Consequently, the northernmost find in East Greenland is at 65°39'N

(L.) R. Br.

Böcher et al. (1978) states that the species is not recorded north of 71°N in East Greenland. However, a specimen from Hold with Hope (73°33'N) by Hartz from 1891 is the northernmost collection from East Greenland.

Conclusions

The number of vascular plant taxa in the flora of Greenland

The latest update of the number of vascular species of the flora of Greenland, which is 25 years old (Bay 1993) summarized the total number to 513. During the latest 25 years the total number of vascular plants has been increased by twenty species giving a total of 532 species. Holt et al. (2019) recently presented a photo flora on the internet totaling 625 species of vascular plants including introduced species and planted tree species.