| Literature DB >> 32322107 |
Florian M Stumpfe1, Adriana Titzmann1, Michael O Schneider1, Patrick Stelzl1, Sven Kehl1, Peter A Fasching1, Matthias W Beckmann1, Armin Ensser2.
Abstract
In December 2019, cases of pneumonia of unknown cause first started to appear in Wuhan in China; subsequently, a new coronavirus was soon identified as the cause of the illness, now known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since then, infections have been confirmed worldwide in numerous countries, with the number of cases steadily rising. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and, in particular, to deduce from it potential risks and complications for pregnant patients. For this purpose, the available literature on cases of infection in pregnancy during the SARS epidemic of 2002/2003, the MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) epidemic ongoing since 2012, as well as recent publications on cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy are reviewed and reported. Based on the literature available at the moment, it can be assumed that the clinical course of COVID-19 disease may be complicated by pregnancy which could be associated with a higher mortality rate. It may also be assumed at the moment that transmission from mother to child in utero is unlikely. Breastfeeding is possible once infection has been excluded or the disease declared cured.Entities:
Keywords: 2019-nCoV; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; pregnancy
Year: 2020 PMID: 32322107 PMCID: PMC7174004 DOI: 10.1055/a-1134-5951
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Fig. 1Important milestones of the infections with SARS-CoV-2 since December 2019.
Table 1 Typical symptoms of a SARS-CoV-2 infection 12 .
| Symptom | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Fever | 87.9% |
| Dry cough | 67.7% |
| Fatigue | 38.1% |
| Sputum production | 33.4% |
| Shortness of breath | 18.6% |
| Sore throat | 13.9% |
| Headache | 13.6% |
| Myalgia/arthralgia | 14.8% |
| Chills | 11.4% |
| Nausea/vomiting | 5.0% |
| Nasal congestion | 4.8% |
| Diarrhoea | 3.7% |
| Haemoptysis | 0.9% |
| Conjunctival congestion | 0.8% |
Table 2 Summary of clinical course and placental histologies of seven cases with SARS-CoV infections in pregnancy 32 .
| SARS disease stage | maternal complication | GA (week) | GA at delivery | delivery mode | CTG | fetal growth | placental weight | amniotic fluid volume | placental histology | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GA: gestational age; CTG: cardiotocography; AGA: appropriate for gestational age; IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction; n. s.: not specified; aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulopathy | ||||||||||
|
| acute | respiratory failure with indication for mechanical ventilation hypotension died | 27 | 28 | maternal indication for C-section secondary to respiratory failure | variability ↓ | AGA | 190 | n. s. | increased intervillous fibrin deposition |
|
| acute | respiratory failure with indication for mechanical ventilation died | 32 | 32 | maternal indication for C-section secondary to respiratory failure | not stated | AGA | 250 | n. s. | increased intervillous fibrin deposition |
|
| acute | respiratory failure with indication for mechanical ventilation acute renal failure | 26 | 26 | maternal indication for C-section secondary to respiratory failure | not stated | AGA | 190 | n. s. | increased intervillous fibrin deposition |
|
| cured | oxygen administration for 9 days elevated aPTT steroid psychosis | 28 | 33 | spontaneous birth in preterm labour | variability ↓ | IUGR | 170 | oligohydramnios | accelerated villous maturation |
|
| cured | oxygen administration for 21 days DIC hepatitis | 30 | 37 | C-section due to pathological CTG | variability ↓ | IUGR | 240 | oligohydramnios | avascular villi (8%) |
|
| cured | no indication for oxygen administration | 12 | 15 | maternal wish for termination of pregnancy | no CTG | 75 | calcifications ↑ | ||
|
| cured | no indication for oxygen administration | 3 | 38 | spontaneous birth after induction of labour | no abnormalities | AGA | 410 | n. s. | normal |
Table 3 Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of the “Wuhan patient population” 34 .
| Clinical symptoms | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | Case 5 | Case 6 | Case 7 | Case 8 | Case 9 | n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fever on admission | no | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | 7 (78%) |
| Postpartum fever | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | no | no | no | yes | 6 (67%) |
| Myalgia | no | yes | no | no | yes | yes | no | no | no | 3 (33%) |
| Malaise | no | no | no | no | yes | yes | no | no | no | 2 (22%) |
| Cough | yes | yes | yes | no | no | yes | no | no | no | 4 (44%) |
| Breathlessness | no | no | no | yes | no | no | no | no | no | 1 (11%) |
| Sore throat | no | no | no | no | no | yes | yes | no | no | 2 (22%) |
| Diarrhoea | no | no | no | yes | no | no | no | no | no | 1 (11%) |
Table 4 Clinical and obstetric characteristics of the known SARS-CoV cases from Wuhan (“Wuhan patient population”) 34 .
| Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | Case 5 | Case 6 | Case 7 | Case 8 | Case 9 | n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GA: gestational age; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransaminase; CTG: cardiotocography; PROM: premature rupture of membranes; IUFT: intrauterine fetal death | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 33 | 27 | 40 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 29 | 28 | 34 | |
| GA on admission (weeks + days) | 37 + 2 | 38 + 2 | 36 + 0 | 36 + 2 | 38 + 1 | 36 + 2 | 36 + 2 | 38 + 0 | 39 + 4 | |
| Exposure to a SARS-CoV-2-relevant environment or contact with infected person | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | 9 (100%) |
| Case of infection in the family | no | yes | yes | no | no | yes | no | yes | no | 4 (44%) |
| Onset to delivery (days) | 1 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 7 | |
| Infection-related complications | influenza | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | |
| Pregnancy-related complications | no | no | gestational hypertension | pre-eclampsia | pathological CTG | no | PROM | pathological CTG | PROM | |
|
| ||||||||||
| Mode of delivery | C-section | C-section | C-section | C-section | C-section | C-section | C-section | C-section | C-section | |
| Indication for operative delivery | elevated ALT/AST; COVID-19 pneumonia | COVID-19 pneumonia | COVID-19 pneumonia; history of previous C-section | pre-eclampsia; COVID-19 pneumonia | pathological CTG; COVID-19 pneumonia | history of 2 × IUFT; COVID-19 pneumonia | PROM, COVID-19 pneumonia | pathological CTG; COVID-19 pneumonia | PROM; COVID-19 pneumonia | |
|
| ||||||||||
| Oxygen administration | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | 9 (100%) |
| Antiviral therapy | yes | yes | yes | no | no | no | yes | yes | yes | 6 (67%) |
| Antibiotic treatment | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | 9 (100%) |
| Corticosteroids | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | 0 |
Table 5 Neonatal outcome of the known SARS-CoV cases from Wuhan (“Wuhan patient population”) 34 .
| Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | Case 5 | Case 6 | Case 7 | Case 8 | Case 9 | n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GA: gestational age; g: gramm; min: minute; IUFT: intrauterine fetal death | ||||||||||
| GA at delivery (weeks + days) | 37 + 2 | 38 + 3 | 36 + 0 | 36 + 2 | 38 + 1 | 36 + 3 | 36 + 2 | 38 + 0 | 39 + 4 | |
| Birth weight (g) | 2870 | 3730 | 3820 | 1880 | 2970 | 3040 | 2460 | 2800 | 3530 | |
| Low birth weight (< 2500 g) | no | no | no | yes | no | no | yes | no | no | 2 (22%) |
| Premature delivery | no | no | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | no | no | 4 (44%) |
| Apgar scores after 1/5 min | 8/9 | 9/10 | 9/10 | 8/9 | 9/10 | 9/10 | 9/10 | 9/10 | 8/10 | |
| Severe neonatal asphyxia | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | 0 |
| Neonatal death | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | 0 |
| IUFT | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | 0 |
Table 6 Obstetric and neonatal outcome of the “Hubei patient population” 33 .
| Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | Case 5 | Case 6 | Case 7 | Case 8/9 | Case 10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGA: appropriate for gestational age; SGA: small for gestational age; LGA: large for gestational age; PCIS: Paediatric Critical Illness Score; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Age (years) | 25 | 35 | 35 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 34 |
| Symptom onset | Delivery day | Delivery day | 2 days after delivery | 3 days after delivery | 6 days before delivery | 4 days before delivery | 1 day before delivery | 3 days before delivery | 1 days after delivery |
| Initial symptoms | fever | fever | cough | fever | cholecystitis, fever | fever, cough | fever, cough, sore throat, diarrhoea | fever, cough | fever |
| Pathological CTG | yes | no | yes | yes | no | yes | yes | yes | no |
| PROM | no | yes | yes | no | no | no | no | yes | no |
| Amniotic fluid volume | oligohydramnios | normal | normal | normal | normal | polyhydramnios | normal | normal | normal |
|
| |||||||||
| Delivery mode | C-section | C-section | spontaneous birth | C-section | C-section | C-section | C-section | spontaneous birth | C-section |
| GA at delivery | 38 + 4 | 33 + 6 | 34 + 2 | 34 + 5 | 39 | 37 | 34 + 6 | 31 | 39 |
|
| |||||||||
| Birth weight | SGA | AGA | AGA | AGA | AGA | LGA | AGA | AGA/AGA | SGA |
| Apgar score 1 min | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9/9 | 10 |
| Apgar score 5 min | 10 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 10/10 | 10 |
| Initial symptom | vomiting | tachypnoea | tachypnoea | tachycardia | diffuse skin rashes | – | tachypnoea, moaning | tachypnoea, cyanosis | moaning, tachypnoea, cyanosis |
| Transfusion of blood product | no | no | no | platelets, red blood cells, plasma | no | no | gamma-globulin, plasma, platelets | no/no | no |
| Complications | no | no | no | multiple organ failure, DIC | no | no | DIC | no/no | no |
| Outcome | cured | cured | cured | died | cured | in hospital | cured | in hospital/ in hospital | in hospital |
Abb. 1Wichtige Meilensteine der Infektionen mit SARS-CoV-2 seit Dezember 2019.
Tab. 1 Typische Symptome einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion 12 .
| Symptom | Häufigkeit |
|---|---|
| Fieber | 87,9% |
| trockener Husten | 67,7% |
| Müdigkeit | 38,1% |
| Auswurf | 33,4% |
| Kurzatmigkeit | 18,6% |
| Halsschmerzen | 13,9% |
| Kopfschmerzen | 13,6% |
| Muskel-/Gelenkschmerzen | 14,8% |
| Schüttelfrost | 11,4% |
| Übelkeit/Erbrechen | 5,0% |
| verstopfte Nase | 4,8% |
| Durchfallbeschwerden | 3,7% |
| Bluthusten | 0,9% |
| Bindehautstauung | 0,8% |
Tab. 2 Zusammenfassung klinischer Verläufe und Plazentahistologien bei 7 Fällen mit SARS-CoV-Infektionen während der Schwangerschaft 32 .
| Stadium der SARS-Erkrankung | maternale Komplikation | GA (Woche) | GA bei Entbindung | Geburtsmodus | CTG | fetales Wachstum | Gewicht Plazenta | Fruchtwassermenge | Plazentahistologie | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GA: Gestationsalter; CTG: Kardiotokografie; AGA: Appropriate for gestational Age; IUGR: intrauterine Wachstumsrestriktion; k. A.: keine Angabe; aPTT: aktivierte partielle Thromboplastinzeit; DIC: disseminierte intravasale Koagulopathie | ||||||||||
|
| akut | respiratorisches Versagen mit Beatmungspflichtigkeit Hypotonie Tod | 27 | 28 | Sectio caesarea aus maternaler Indikation bei respiratorischem Versagen | Variabilität ↓ | AGA | 190 | k. A. | vermehrte intravillöse Fibrinablagerungen |
|
| akut | respiratorisches Versagen mit Beatmungspflichtigkeit Tod | 32 | 32 | Sectio caesarea aus maternaler Indikation bei respiratorischem Versagen | N/A | AGA | 250 | k. A. | vermehrte intravillöse Fibrinablagerungen |
|
| akut | respiratorisches Versagen mit Beatmungspflichtigkeit akutes Nierenversagen | 26 | 26 | Sectio caesarea aus maternaler Indikation bei respiratorischem Versagen | N/A | AGA | 190 | k. A. | vermehrt subchoriale Fibrinablagerungen |
|
| geheilt | Sauerstoffgabe über 9 Tage erhöhte aPTT Steroidpsychose | 28 | 33 | Spontangeburt bei vorzeitiger Wehentätigkeit | Variabilität ↓ | IUGR | 170 | Oligohydramnion | akzelerierte Zottenreifung |
|
| geheilt | Sauerstoffgabe über 21 Tage DIC Hepatitis | 30 | 37 | Sectio caesarea bei pathologischem CTG | Variabilität ↓ | IUGR | 240 | Oligohydramnion | avaskuläre Villi (8%) |
|
| geheilt | keine Sauerstoffgabe notwendig | 12 | 15 | Schwangerschaftsabbruch auf maternalen Wunsch | kein CTG | 75 | Verkalkungen ↑ | ||
|
| geheilt | keine Sauerstoffgabe notwendig | 3 | 38 | Spontangeburt nach Geburtseinleitung | keine Auffälligkeit | AGA | 410 | k. A. | normal |
Tab. 3 Klinische Symptome und laborchemische Parameter des „Kollektivs Wuhan“ 34 .
| klinische Symptomatik | Fall 1 | Fall 2 | Fall 3 | Fall 4 | Fall 5 | Fall 6 | Fall 7 | Fall 8 | Fall 9 | n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fieber bei Aufnahme | nein | ja | nein | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | 7 (78%) |
| postpartales Fieber | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | nein | nein | nein | ja | 6 (67%) |
| Myalgie | nein | ja | nein | nein | ja | ja | nein | nein | nein | 3 (33%) |
| Unwohlsein | nein | nein | nein | nein | ja | ja | nein | nein | nein | 2 (22%) |
| Husten | ja | ja | ja | nein | nein | ja | nein | nein | nein | 4 (44%) |
| Atemnot | nein | nein | nein | ja | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | 1 (11%) |
| Halsschmerzen | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | ja | ja | nein | nein | 2 (22%) |
| Durchfall | nein | nein | nein | ja | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | 1 (11%) |
Tab. 4 Klinische und geburtshilfliche Charakteristik der bekannten SARS-CoV-Fälle aus Wuhan („Kollektiv Wuhan“) 34 .
| Fall 1 | Fall 2 | Fall 3 | Fall 4 | Fall 5 | Fall 6 | Fall 7 | Fall 8 | Fall 9 | n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GA: Gestationsalter; ALT: Alanin-Aminotransferase; AST: Aspartat-Aminotransferase; CTG: Kardiotokografie; PROM: vorzeitiger Blasensprung; IUFT: intrauteriner Fruchttod | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Alter (Jahre) | 33 | 27 | 40 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 29 | 28 | 34 | |
| GA bei Klinikaufnahme (Wochen + Tage) | 37 + 2 | 38 + 2 | 36 + 0 | 36 + 2 | 38 + 1 | 36 + 2 | 36 + 2 | 38 + 0 | 39 + 4 | |
| Aufenthalt in für SARS-CoV-2 relevantem Umfeld oder Kontakt zu infizierter Person | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | 9 (100%) |
| Infektionsfall in der Familie | nein | ja | ja | nein | nein | ja | nein | ja | nein | 4 (44%) |
| Intervall bis zur Geburt (Tage) | 1 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 7 | |
| infektiologische Komplikationen | Influenza | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | |
| schwangerschaftsassoziierte Komplikationen | nein | nein | Gestationshypertonie | Präeklampsie | pathologisches CTG | nein | PROM | pathologisches CTG | PROM | |
|
| ||||||||||
| Entbindungsmodus | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | |
| Indikation operative Entbindung | ALT/AST-Erhöhung; COVID-19-Pneumonie | COVID-19-Pneumonie | COVID-19-Pneumonie; Zustand nach Re-Sectio caesarea | Präeklampsie; COVID-19-Pneumonie | pathologisches CTG; COVID-19-Pneumonie | Zustand nach 2 × IUFT; COVID-19-Pneumonie | PROM, COVID-19-Pneumonie | pathologisches CTG; COVID-19-Pneumonie | PROM; COVID-19-Pneumonie | |
|
| ||||||||||
| Sauerstoffgabe | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | 9 (100%) |
| antivirale Therapie | ja | ja | ja | nein | nein | nein | ja | ja | ja | 6 (67%) |
| antibiotische Therapie | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | 9 (100%) |
| Kortikosteroidgabe | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | 0 |
Tab. 5 Neonatales Outocme der bekannten SARS-CoV-Fälle aus Wuhan („Kollektiv Wuhan“) 34 .
| Fall 1 | Fall 2 | Fall 3 | Fall 4 | Fall 5 | Fall 6 | Fall 7 | Fall 8 | Fall 9 | n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GA: Gestationsalter; g: Gramm; min: Minute; IUFT: intrauteriner Fruchttod | ||||||||||
| GA bei Entbindung (Wochen + Tage) | 37 + 2 | 38 + 3 | 36 + 0 | 36 + 2 | 38 + 1 | 36 + 3 | 36 + 2 | 38 + 0 | 39 + 4 | |
| Geburtsgewicht (g) | 2870 | 3730 | 3820 | 1880 | 2970 | 3040 | 2460 | 2800 | 3530 | |
| niedriges Geburtsgewicht (< 2500 g) | nein | nein | nein | ja | nein | nein | ja | nein | nein | 2 (22%) |
| vorzeitige Entbindung | nein | nein | ja | ja | nein | ja | ja | nein | nein | 4 (44%) |
| Apgar-Werte nach 1/5 min | 8/9 | 9/10 | 9/10 | 8/9 | 9/10 | 9/10 | 9/10 | 9/10 | 8/10 | |
| schwere neonatale Asphyxie | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | 0 |
| neonataler Tod | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | 0 |
| IUFT | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | nein | 0 |
Tab. 6 Geburtshilfliches und neonatales Outcome des „Kollektivs Hubei“ 33 .
| Fall 1 | Fall 2 | Fall 3 | Fall 4 | Fall 5 | Fall 6 | Fall 7 | Fall 8/9 | Fall 10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGA: Appropriate for gestational Age; SGA: Small for gestational Age; LGA: Large for gestational Age; PCIS: Pediatric critical Illness Score; DIC: Disseminated intravascular Coagulation | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Alter (Jahre) | 25 | 35 | 35 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 34 |
| Zeitpunkt erster Symptome | Entbindungstag | Entbindungstag | 2 Tage postpartal | 3 Tage postpartal | 6 Tage vor Entbindung | 4 Tage vor Entbindung | 1 Tag vor Entbindung | 3 Tage vor Entbindung | 1 Tag postpartal |
| erste Symptome | Fieber | Fieber | Husten | Fieber | Cholezystitis, Fieber | Fieber, Husten | Fieber, Husten, Halsschmerzen, Diarrhö | Fieber, Husten | Fieber |
| pathologisches CTG | ja | nein | ja | ja | nein | ja | ja | ja | nein |
| PROM | nein | ja | ja | nein | nein | nein | nein | ja | nein |
| Fruchtwassermenge | Oligohydramnion | normal | normal | normal | normal | Polyhydramnion | normal | normal | normal |
|
| |||||||||
| Entbindungsmodus | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | Spontanpartus | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | Sectio caesarea | Spontanpartus | Sectio caesarea |
| GA bei Entbindung | 38 + 4 | 33 + 6 | 34 + 2 | 34 + 5 | 39 | 37 | 34 + 6 | 31 | 39 |
|
| |||||||||
| Geburtsgewicht | SGA | AGA | AGA | AGA | AGA | LGA | AGA | AGA/AGA | SGA |
| Apgar 1 min | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 9/9 | 10 |
| Apgar 5 min | 10 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 10/10 | 10 |
| erstes Symptom | Erbrechen | Tachypnoe | Tachypnoe | Tachykardie | diffuse Einblutungen in die Haut | – | Tachypnoe, Stöhnen | jeweils Tachypnoe, Zyanose | Stöhnen, Tachypnoe, Zyanose |
| Transfusion Blutprodukt | nein | nein | nein | Thrombozyten, Erythrozyten, Plasma | nein | nein | γ-Gobulin, Plasma, Thrombozyten | nein/nein | nein |
| Komplikationen | nein | nein | nein | multiples Organversagen, DIC | nein | nein | DIC | nein/nein | nein |
| Outcome | geheilt | geheilt | geheilt | Tod | geheilt | im Krankenhaus | geheilt | im Krankenhaus/im Krankenhaus | im Krankenhaus |