Design of 3D Printed Programmable Horseshoe Lattice Structures Based on a Phase-Evolution Model.

By 3D printing lattice structure with active materials, the structures can exhibit shape and functional changes under external stimulus. However, the programmable shape changes of the 3D printed lattice structures are limited due to the complex geometries, nonlinear behaviors of the active materials, and the diverse external stimuli. In this work, we propose a design framework combining experiments, theoretical modeling, and finite element simulations for the controllable shape changes of the 3D printed horseshoe under thermal stimulus. The theoretical model is based on a phase evolution model that combines the geometrical nonlinearity and the material nonlinearity. Results show that the shapes with positive or negative Poisson's ratio and bending intermediate shapes can be programmed by tuning the geometrical parameters and the temperature distribution. This work provides a method to aid the design of 3D printed functional lattice structures and have potential applications in soft robotics, biomedicine, and energy absorbing fields.