Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of lactuca scariola with a heterogeneous catalyst: The investigation of temperature, reaction time and synergistic effect of catalysts.

In this study, lignocellulosic biomass was converted into liquid products by catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction. Zn, Fe, and Zn + Fe were used to obtaining products with high energy value as heterogeneous catalyst systems in this study. The different experimental parameters were used to examine temperature (220, 240, 260, 280, 300 °C), reaction time (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 min.), and the synergistic effect of catalysts (Zn + Fe) on conversion rate. The products obtained were examined by GC-MS, Elemental, FT-IR, 1H NMR, SEM-EDX, and XRD analysis methods. According to the results of the experiment, it has been determined that Fe is the most effective catalyst for light bio-oil and heavy bio-oil yields and Zn + Fe is the most effective catalyst system for the gas + aqueous phase products. Fe catalyst in monoaromatics formation, Zn catalyst in polyaromatic and aliphatics compound formation, Zn + Fe catalyst system in oxygen compounds formation are effective.