Sahar Obeid1,2,3, Nathalie Lahoud3,4,5, Chadia Haddad1,6, Hala Sacre3,7, Marwan Akel4,6, Kassandra Fares2, Pascale Salameh3,5,8, Souheil Hallit3,9. 1. Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon. 2. Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon. 3. INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon. 4. School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon. 5. Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon. 6. UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, Univ. Limoges, Limoges, France. 7. Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon. 8. Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon. 9. Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with depression in a representative sample of the Lebanese population. DESIGN/ METHODS: A cross-sectional study, conducted between November 2017 and March 2018, enrolled 789 participants. Depression was measured using the Arabic version of the Hamilton Depression Scale. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was 30.30 ± 12.52 years (54.8% males). More than half of the participants had depressive symptoms (59.7%). Anxiety (β = .457), alcohol dependence (β = .290), suicidal ideation (β = 1.427), high socioeconomic status (β = 1.910), being widowed (β = 4.564), and physical work fatigue (β = .090) were significantly associated with higher depression. Higher social emotional awareness was significantly associated with lower depression (β = -.176). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This study sheds light on high levels of psychological distress and depression among the Lebanese general population and suggests potential preventative strategies.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with depression in a representative sample of the Lebanese population. DESIGN/ METHODS: A cross-sectional study, conducted between November 2017 and March 2018, enrolled 789 participants. Depression was measured using the Arabic version of the Hamilton Depression Scale. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was 30.30 ± 12.52 years (54.8% males). More than half of the participants had depressive symptoms (59.7%). Anxiety (β = .457), alcohol dependence (β = .290), suicidal ideation (β = 1.427), high socioeconomic status (β = 1.910), being widowed (β = 4.564), and physical work fatigue (β = .090) were significantly associated with higher depression. Higher social emotional awareness was significantly associated with lower depression (β = -.176). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This study sheds light on high levels of psychological distress and depression among the Lebanese general population and suggests potential preventative strategies.