COVID-19: minimising risk to healthcare workers during aerosol-producing respiratory therapy using an innovative constant flow canopy.

To the Editor:

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) can be used as the first line of treatment in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with respiratory failure, postponing and maybe even avoiding the need for intubation and mechanical ventilation [1]. Recent systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that HFNC reduces the need for intubation compared with conventional oxygen, with no change in the death risk or length of stay in the intensive care unit [2, 3]. No direct evidence supports the use of NIV, due to a high failure rate [4]. However, when resources become limited, with no option of invasive ventilation, the use of NIV may be justified. The major caveat of using noninvasive respiratory support in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic is the generation of aerosols, composed of small virus-containing particles, which may remain suspended in the air, with increased risk for healthcare workers [5, 6]. The risk of aerosolisation depends on many variables, including duration of use, flow velocity, mask leakage and patient coughing and cooperation.

In the current crisis, with a limited number of ventilators and of negative pressure facilities, we developed a novel way to reduce, and even eliminate, this exposure to potentially dangerous aerosols by using a constant flow canopy over the upper part of the patient bed, thus creating a confined area surrounding the patient in which noninvasive respiratory support can be safely used (figure 1).

FIGURE 1

The constant flow canopy system.

The system is composed of the following three parts. 1) A flexible plastic canopy that covers the upper part of the patient body. 2) A fan filtering unit composed of a pre-filler in the air inlet, an electrical fan, and a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter in the air outlet (identical to those installed in biological cabinets). The filtering system is manufactured by ULPA Cleanrooms & Laboratories Ltd, Haifa, Israel. 3) An exhaust system (electrical fan) creating negative pressure and transferring the filtered air out to the open atmosphere. Each filtering unit can support up to four patients in parallel.

The polyethylene canopy serves as physical barrier between the healthcare worker and the patient. The canopy should ensure maximum enclosure of the patient's upper body; however, a gap of 5–7 cm between the patient's body and the canopy is designed to enable safe treatment. The system enables rapid access in case of an emergency, from either the direction of the chest or head, enabling rapid intubation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

The unit was evaluated by two techniques. 1) Face velocity and smoke direction: speed (m·s−1) of air flowing perpendicular to the hood's opening inside the enclosure, and smoke flow in the direction of the enclosure back part (according to US ASE/ASHRAE Standard 110). 2) Integrity test of the HEPA filtering unit, using photometry, to measure leakage of particles (0.3–0.5 um in size) through the filters (according to EN 12469 European Standard for Microbiological Safety Cabinets).

The results of our evaluation demonstrated that the average air flow velocity was 4.4 m·s−1 and the smoke clearly flows very fast into the back side of the canopy. The integrity results measured 0.0006% particles (maximum standard requirement 0.01%).

In order to assess the satisfaction of the medical staff in the coronavirus unit with the system, we asked nine physicians and nurses to fill a short six-question questionnaire. The overall impression score of the system was 9.1 (out of 10).

In summary, this innovative negative pressure canopy allows us to administer NIV, CPAP or HFNC to patients with moderate to severe lung injury due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, with minimal risk to healthcare workers. The system has been installed in the coronavirus unit of the Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.

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