Nathella P Kumar1, Gokul R Kathamuthu1, Kadar Moideen1, Vaithilingam V Banurekha2, Dina Nair2, Michael P Fay3, Thomas B Nutman4, Subash Babu1,4. 1. National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India. 2. National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India. 3. Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 4. Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Helminths and tuberculosis (TB) largely overlap at the population level. Whether helminth infections influence disease severity and bacterial burdens in TB is not well understood. METHODS: This study was conducted to examine the disease severity in a cohort of pulmonary TB (PTB) individuals with (Ss+) or without (Ss-) seropositivity for Strongyloides stercoralis infection. RESULTS: Ss+ was associated with increased risk of cavitation (odds ratio [OR], 4.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.33-9.04; P < .0001) and bilateral lung involvement (OR, 5.97; 95% CI, 3.03-12.09; P < .0001) in PTB individuals. Ss+ was also associated with higher bacterial burdens (OR, 7.57; 95% CI, 4.18-14.05; P < .0001) in PTB individuals. After multivariate analysis adjusting for covariates, Ss+ was still associated with greater risk of cavitation (adjusted OR [aOR], 3.99; 95% CI, 1.73-9.19; P = .0014), bilateral lung involvement (aOR, 4.09; 95% CI, 1.78-9.41; P = .0011), and higher bacterial burden (aOR, 9.32; 95% CI, 6.30-13.96; P < .0001). Finally, Ss+ was also associated with higher plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases ([MMP]-1, -2, -7, -8, and -9) in PTB individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, our data demonstrate that coexistent Ss infection is associated with greater disease severity and higher bacterial burden in PTB. Our data also demonstrate enhanced plasma levels of MMPs in coinfected individuals, suggesting a plausible biological mechanism for these effects. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2020.
BACKGROUND: Helminths and tuberculosis (TB) largely overlap at the population level. Whether helminth infections influence disease severity and bacterial burdens in TB is not well understood. METHODS: This study was conducted to examine the disease severity in a cohort of pulmonary TB (PTB) individuals with (Ss+) or without (Ss-) seropositivity for Strongyloides stercoralisinfection. RESULTS: Ss+ was associated with increased risk of cavitation (odds ratio [OR], 4.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.33-9.04; P < .0001) and bilateral lung involvement (OR, 5.97; 95% CI, 3.03-12.09; P < .0001) in PTB individuals. Ss+ was also associated with higher bacterial burdens (OR, 7.57; 95% CI, 4.18-14.05; P < .0001) in PTB individuals. After multivariate analysis adjusting for covariates, Ss+ was still associated with greater risk of cavitation (adjusted OR [aOR], 3.99; 95% CI, 1.73-9.19; P = .0014), bilateral lung involvement (aOR, 4.09; 95% CI, 1.78-9.41; P = .0011), and higher bacterial burden (aOR, 9.32; 95% CI, 6.30-13.96; P < .0001). Finally, Ss+ was also associated with higher plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases ([MMP]-1, -2, -7, -8, and -9) in PTB individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, our data demonstrate that coexistent Ss infection is associated with greater disease severity and higher bacterial burden in PTB. Our data also demonstrate enhanced plasma levels of MMPs in coinfected individuals, suggesting a plausible biological mechanism for these effects. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2020.
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