ELISA-Based Methods to Detect and Quantify Norovirus Virus-Like Particle Attachment to Histo-Blood Group Antigens.

Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) recognition by norovirus (NoV) has been studied using various techniques. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using virus-like particles (VLPs) have enabled us to visualize the last step of HBGAs-NoV binding with a total reaction time of approximately 8 h. Herein, we describe two ELISA-based methods to detect and quantify NoV VLP attachment to HBGAs: saliva-VLP binding assay and carbohydrate-VLP binding assay.