Modes of allosteric regulation of the ubiquitination machinery.

Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification crucial for cellular signaling. A diverse range of enzymes constitute the machinery that mediates attachment of ubiquitin onto target proteins. This diversity allows the targeting of various proteins in a highly regulated fashion. Many of the enzymes have multiple domains or subunits that bind allosteric effectors and exhibit large conformational rearrangements to facilitate regulation. Here we consider recent examples of ubiquitin itself as an allosteric effector of RING and RBR E3 ligases, as well as advances in the understanding of allosteric regulatory elements within HECT E3 ligases.