Elisa R Torres1, Tyler A Tumey2, Douglas C Dean3, Wondwosen Kassahun-Yimer4, Eloise D Lopez-Lambert5, Mary E Hitchcock6. 1. School of Nursing, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson 39216, MS, United States. Electronic address: etorres@umc.edu. 2. Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3501 Arrowhead Dr Las Cruces, NM 88001, United States. Electronic address: tyler.tumey@mybcom.org. 3. Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison WI 53705, United States. Electronic address: deaniii@wisc.edu. 4. Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Population Health,2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, United States. Electronic address: wyimer@umc.edu. 5. School of Nursing, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson 39216, MS, United States. 6. Ebling Library, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 750 Highland Ave, Madison WI 53705, United States. Electronic address: mary.hitchcock@wisc.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although the use of sedation is commonly practiced to keep infants still while receiving magnetic resonance imaging, non-pharmacological strategies are a potential alternative. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the success rate of obtaining usable magnetic resonance images in infants with the sole use of non-pharmacological strategies. DESIGN: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis SETTING: A search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane Library. PARTICIPANTS: Human infants from birth to 24 months of age who did not receive any sedation or anesthesia during magnetic resonance imaging METHOD: Articles that reported the success rate of obtaining usable images were included. RESULTS: Of the 521 non-duplicate articles found, 58 articles were included in the systematic review with sample sizes ranging from 2-457, an average success rate of 87.8%, and an average scan time of 30 min. The most common non-pharmacological technique included feeding and swaddling infants before imaging to encourage infants to sleep during the scan. Meta-analysis performed on 53 articles comprising 3,410 infants found a success rate of 87%, but significant heterogeneity was found (I2 = 98.30%). It was more difficult to obtain usable images solely with non-pharmacological techniques if infants were critically ill or a structural magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was required. CONCLUSION: Non-pharmacological techniques are effective for obtaining usable magnetic resonance imaging scans in most but not all infants. Tweetable abstract: Non-pharmacological techniques are effective for obtaining usable magnetic resonance imaging scans in most infants.
BACKGROUND: Although the use of sedation is commonly practiced to keep infants still while receiving magnetic resonance imaging, non-pharmacological strategies are a potential alternative. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the success rate of obtaining usable magnetic resonance images in infants with the sole use of non-pharmacological strategies. DESIGN: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis SETTING: A search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane Library. PARTICIPANTS: Humaninfants from birth to 24 months of age who did not receive any sedation or anesthesia during magnetic resonance imaging METHOD: Articles that reported the success rate of obtaining usable images were included. RESULTS: Of the 521 non-duplicate articles found, 58 articles were included in the systematic review with sample sizes ranging from 2-457, an average success rate of 87.8%, and an average scan time of 30 min. The most common non-pharmacological technique included feeding and swaddling infants before imaging to encourage infants to sleep during the scan. Meta-analysis performed on 53 articles comprising 3,410 infants found a success rate of 87%, but significant heterogeneity was found (I2 = 98.30%). It was more difficult to obtain usable images solely with non-pharmacological techniques if infants were critically ill or a structural magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was required. CONCLUSION: Non-pharmacological techniques are effective for obtaining usable magnetic resonance imaging scans in most but not all infants. Tweetable abstract: Non-pharmacological techniques are effective for obtaining usable magnetic resonance imaging scans in most infants.
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