Anees Ur Rehman1,2, Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali3, Sohail Ayaz Muhammad4, Sadia Shakeel3, Ong Siew Chin5, Irfhan Ali Bin Hyder Ali6, Jaya Muneswarao3, Rabia Hussain5. 1. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. aneesurrehmanr90@gmail.com. 2. Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. aneesurrehmanr90@gmail.com. 3. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. 4. School of Management Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. 5. Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. 6. Respiratory Department, Hospital Pulau Penang, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requires long-term pharmacological and non-pharmacological management that encompasses continuous economic burden on patients and society, and also results in productivity losses due to compromised quality of life. Among working-age patients, COPD is the 11th leading cause of work productivity loss. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the economic burden of COPD in Malaysia, including direct costs for the management of COPD and indirect costs due to productivity losses for COPD patients. METHODOLOGY: Overall, 150 patients with an established diagnosis of COPD were followed-up for a period of 1 year from August 2018 to August 2019. An activity-based costing, 'bottom-up' approach was used to calculate direct costs, while indirect costs of patients were assessed using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean annual per-patient direct cost for the management of COPD was calculated as US$506.92. The mean annual costs per patient in the management phase, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions were reported as US$395.65, US$86.4, and US$297.79, respectively; 31.66% of COPD patients visited the emergency department and 42.47% of COPD patients were admitted to the hospital due to exacerbation. The annual mean indirect cost per patient was calculated as US$1699.76. Productivity losses at the workplace were reported as 31.87% and activity limitations were reported as 17.42%. CONCLUSION: Drugs and consumables costs were the main cost-driving factors in the management of COPD. The higher ratio of indirect cost to direct medical costs shows that therapeutic interventions aimed to prevent work productivity losses may reduce the economic burden of COPD.
BACKGROUND:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requires long-term pharmacological and non-pharmacological management that encompasses continuous economic burden on patients and society, and also results in productivity losses due to compromised quality of life. Among working-age patients, COPD is the 11th leading cause of work productivity loss. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the economic burden of COPD in Malaysia, including direct costs for the management of COPD and indirect costs due to productivity losses for COPDpatients. METHODOLOGY: Overall, 150 patients with an established diagnosis of COPD were followed-up for a period of 1 year from August 2018 to August 2019. An activity-based costing, 'bottom-up' approach was used to calculate direct costs, while indirect costs of patients were assessed using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean annual per-patient direct cost for the management of COPD was calculated as US$506.92. The mean annual costs per patient in the management phase, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions were reported as US$395.65, US$86.4, and US$297.79, respectively; 31.66% of COPDpatients visited the emergency department and 42.47% of COPDpatients were admitted to the hospital due to exacerbation. The annual mean indirect cost per patient was calculated as US$1699.76. Productivity losses at the workplace were reported as 31.87% and activity limitations were reported as 17.42%. CONCLUSION: Drugs and consumables costs were the main cost-driving factors in the management of COPD. The higher ratio of indirect cost to direct medical costs shows that therapeutic interventions aimed to prevent work productivity losses may reduce the economic burden of COPD.
Authors: Anees Ur Rehman; Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali; Sohail Ayaz Muhammad; Sabariah Noor Harun; Shahid Shah; Sameen Abbas Journal: Eur J Health Econ Date: 2019-09-28
Authors: Anees Ur Rehman; Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali; Sabariah Noor Harun; Sameen Abbas; Jaya Muneswarao; Irfhan Ali Bin Hyder Ali; Rabia Hussain Journal: Health Qual Life Outcomes Date: 2020-05-13 Impact factor: 3.186
Authors: Muhammad Fawad Rasool; Anees Ur Rehman; Imran Imran; Sameen Abbas; Shahid Shah; Ghulam Abbas; Irfanullah Khan; Sadia Shakeel; Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali; Khezar Hayat Journal: Front Public Health Date: 2020-11-19