Transforming personalized nutrition practice.

The strengths and limitations of current approaches to clinical nutrition practice and their underpinning research are explored in this article. It describes how a personalized nutrition practice approach supported by evidence-based pathophysiological reasoning could direct additional research, which could then transform practice and support food industry developments. Current use of the term "personalized nutrition" is reviewed and a definition is provided. Also explored are current approaches to personalized nutrition practice and evidence-based practice in clinical nutrition. Patient-centered practice, which involves individuals in their healthcare decisions, is currently being provided under the name "personalized." An evidence-based personalized practice approach should include the use of robust, standardized, and validated tools that gather a patient's signs and symptoms, health history, family history, genetics, environment, lifestyle, social life, diet, behavior and other factors that have an impact on physiological processes. It should also gather anthropometric measures as well as functional, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarkers for pathophysiological mechanisms. Such tools would pool n = 1 data into a case-by-case evidence base that uses computational network modelling to predict the efficacy of personalized nutrition interventions. Prediction of the efficacy of interventions should also be validated using, when possible, blinded, randomized, controlled, stratified intervention studies. This model would provide practitioners with data that support evidence-based pathophysiological reasoning. It would enable clinicians to prioritize interventions on the basis of the mechanisms of action of interventions and to ameliorate the mechanisms of pathophysiology, which are a priority for the individual. Interventions then may be applied using a patient-centered practice approach. This would transform evidence-based nutrition practice into a P4 medicine approach that is personalized, preventive, predictive, and participatory. Developing pathophysiological mechanistic understanding also provides new opportunities for stakeholders, including the food industry, researchers, healthcare practitioners, and consumers.