Current pharmacotherapy for tic disorders.

Introduction: Though many unanswered questions about the pathophysiology of Tourette Syndrome remain, several pharmacotherapies for tics have been studied, with varying results in terms of efficacy and the strength of evidence.Areas covered: This literature review encompasses pharmacotherapies for tics. The pharmacotherapies discussed in this review include: alpha agonists, antipsychotics, topiramate, botulinum toxin, and dopamine depleters.Expert opinion: Once the presence of tics is confirmed and psychoeducation and support are provided to patients and caregivers, one must examine the degree of tic-related impairment and the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. These factors influence treatment decisions as the presence of comorbidity and related impairment may shift the treatment target. When selecting a medication for tics, the presence of ADHD (the most frequent comorbidity) strengthens the case for choosing an alpha agonist. The case for antipsychotic medications is strongest when tic-related impairment is severe and/or the tics are refractory to more conservative measures. All medications require drug safety monitoring procedures and reevaluation over time.