Zhong Zhang1, Xiaoying Lyu2, Qianda Xu3, Chenghui Li4, Miao Lu5, Tao Gong6, Boyu Tang7, Liu Wang8, Weicai Zeng9, Yuqing Li10. 1. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China. Electronic address: chriszhangz@qq.com. 2. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China. Electronic address: 1393368507@qq.com. 3. Department of Food Engineering, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China. Electronic address: qiandaxuscu@qq.com. 4. Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China. Electronic address: lichenghui@scu.edu.cn. 5. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China. Electronic address: 763358764@qq.com. 6. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China. Electronic address: 526790950@qq.com. 7. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China. Electronic address: 1404496775@qq.com. 8. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China. Electronic address: scuwangliu@163.com. 9. Department of Food Engineering, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China. Electronic address: weicaizeng@qq.com. 10. State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China. Electronic address: liyuqing@scu.edu.cn.
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G. Don is applied as anti-inflammatory and anti-infection agents in folklore medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G. Don extract (CDE) against Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and its biocompatibility, as well as to identify its chemical components. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), crystal violet staining, and CFU counting assay were applied to investigate the effect of CDE on S. mutans biofilm formation and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) synthesis. The microstructure of S. mutans biofilms formed on glass coverslips and bovine enamel treated with CDE was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). qRT-PCR was used to measure the expression of virulence genes gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD, and zymogram assay was performed to investigate the enzymatic activity of Gtfs. Moreover, HPLC-MS and NMR were applied to identify its chemical components. CCK-8 assay was also performed on human oral cells to evaluate its biocompatibility. RESULTS: Under the treatment of CDE, S. mutans formed less biofilm on both coverslips and enamel surfaces and synthesized less EPS. Moreover, CDE downregulated the expression of gtf genes and inhibited the enzymatic activity of Gtfs. According to HPLC-MS and NMR results, molecular structures of six main compounds in CDE were identified. CDE also has a good biocompatibility. CONCLUSIONS: CDE exhibits inhibitory activity against S. mutans and a good biocompatibility. It has the potential to be developed as anti-caries agents for clinical use.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G. Don is applied as anti-inflammatory and anti-infection agents in folklore medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G. Don extract (CDE) against Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and its biocompatibility, as well as to identify its chemical components. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), crystal violet staining, and CFU counting assay were applied to investigate the effect of CDE on S. mutans biofilm formation and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) synthesis. The microstructure of S. mutans biofilms formed on glass coverslips and bovine enamel treated with CDE was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). qRT-PCR was used to measure the expression of virulence genes gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD, and zymogram assay was performed to investigate the enzymatic activity of Gtfs. Moreover, HPLC-MS and NMR were applied to identify its chemical components. CCK-8 assay was also performed on human oral cells to evaluate its biocompatibility. RESULTS: Under the treatment of CDE, S. mutans formed less biofilm on both coverslips and enamel surfaces and synthesized less EPS. Moreover, CDE downregulated the expression of gtf genes and inhibited the enzymatic activity of Gtfs. According to HPLC-MS and NMR results, molecular structures of six main compounds in CDE were identified. CDE also has a good biocompatibility. CONCLUSIONS: CDE exhibits inhibitory activity against S. mutans and a good biocompatibility. It has the potential to be developed as anti-caries agents for clinical use.