Joseph S Ross1,2,3, Sanket S Dhruva4, Nilay D Shah5. 1. Section of General Internal Medicine and National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. 2. Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA. 3. Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA. 4. Section of Cardiology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA. 5. Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health Sciences Research and Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.