Abdullah M Tauheed1, Mohammed Mamman2, Abubakar Ahmed3, Mohammed M Suleiman4, Emmanuel O Balogun5. 1. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Electronic address: mtauheed@abu.edu.ng. 2. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. 3. Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. 4. Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Mando, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna State, Nigeria. 5. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, United States of America.
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Pastoralists in Nigeria mix barks of Anogeissus leiocarpus (AL) Khaya senegalensis (KS) and potash (Pt) to treat animal African trypanosomosis. AIM: To evaluate antitrypanosomal potential of A. leiocarpus, K. senegalensis and potash for insights into the traditional claim of antitrypanosomal combination therapy (ATCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty microliter each of six different concentrations of AL, KS, Pt, AL + KS, AL + KS + Pt and diminazene aceturate (DA, positive control) was incubated with 50 μL of parasite-laden blood containing 108Trypanosoma congolense cells in a 96-well microtitre plate. Negative control wells were devoid of the extracts and drug but supplemented with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Efficacy of treatment was observed at 1 h interval for complete immobilisation or reduced motility of the parasites. Each incubated mixture was inoculated into mouse at the point of complete immobilisation of parasite motility or at the end of 6-h observation period for concentrations that did not immobilise the parasites completely. For in vivo assessment, thirty-five parasitaemic rats were randomly allocated into seven groups of 5 rats each. Each rat in groups I-V was treated with 500 mg/kg of AL, KS, Pt, AL + KS and AL + KS + Pt, respectively, for 7 days. Rats in groups VI and VII were treated with diminazene aceturate 3.5 mg/kg once and PBS 2 mL/kg (7 days), which served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Daily monitoring of parasitaemia through the tail vein, packed cell volume and malondialdehyde were used to assess efficacy of the treatments. RESULTS: The AL + KS + Pt group significantly (p < 0.05) and dose-dependently reduced parasite motility and completely immobilized the parasites at 10, 5 and 2.5 μg/μL with an IC50 of 9.1×10-4 µg/µL. All the mice with conditions that produced complete cessation of parasite motility did not develop parasitaemia within one month of observation. The AL + KS group significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the level of parasitaemia and MDA, and significantly (p < 0.05) maintained higher PCV than PBS group. CONCLUSION: The combination of A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis showed better antitrypanosomal effects than single drug treatment and offers prospects for ATCT. Our findings support ethnopharmacological use of combined barks of A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis by pastoralist in the treatment of animal African trypanosomosis in Nigeria.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Pastoralists in Nigeria mix barks of Anogeissus leiocarpus (AL) Khaya senegalensis (KS) and potash (Pt) to treat animal African trypanosomosis. AIM: To evaluate antitrypanosomal potential of A. leiocarpus, K. senegalensis and potash for insights into the traditional claim of antitrypanosomal combination therapy (ATCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty microliter each of six different concentrations of AL, KS, Pt, AL + KS, AL + KS + Pt and diminazene aceturate (DA, positive control) was incubated with 50 μL of parasite-laden blood containing 108Trypanosoma congolense cells in a 96-well microtitre plate. Negative control wells were devoid of the extracts and drug but supplemented with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Efficacy of treatment was observed at 1 h interval for complete immobilisation or reduced motility of the parasites. Each incubated mixture was inoculated into mouse at the point of complete immobilisation of parasite motility or at the end of 6-h observation period for concentrations that did not immobilise the parasites completely. For in vivo assessment, thirty-five parasitaemic rats were randomly allocated into seven groups of 5 rats each. Each rat in groups I-V was treated with 500 mg/kg of AL, KS, Pt, AL + KS and AL + KS + Pt, respectively, for 7 days. Rats in groups VI and VII were treated with diminazene aceturate 3.5 mg/kg once and PBS 2 mL/kg (7 days), which served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Daily monitoring of parasitaemia through the tail vein, packed cell volume and malondialdehyde were used to assess efficacy of the treatments. RESULTS: The AL + KS + Pt group significantly (p < 0.05) and dose-dependently reduced parasite motility and completely immobilized the parasites at 10, 5 and 2.5 μg/μL with an IC50 of 9.1×10-4 µg/µL. All the mice with conditions that produced complete cessation of parasite motility did not develop parasitaemia within one month of observation. The AL + KS group significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the level of parasitaemia and MDA, and significantly (p < 0.05) maintained higher PCV than PBS group. CONCLUSION: The combination of A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis showed better antitrypanosomal effects than single drug treatment and offers prospects for ATCT. Our findings support ethnopharmacological use of combined barks of A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis by pastoralist in the treatment of animal African trypanosomosis in Nigeria.
Authors: Abdullah M Tauheed; Mohammed Mamman; Abubakar Ahmed; Mohammed M Suleiman; Emmanuel O Balogun Journal: Acta Parasitol Date: 2021-06-22 Impact factor: 1.534