Bowen Li1, Jian Hu1, Dong Chang1. 1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a kind of tumor produced by human melanocytes. It has a high degree of malignancy, early metastasis and high mortality. Most melanomas are caused by malignant skin nevus and can also be seen in the digestive tract such as rectum and anus. Primary malignant melanoma of pleura is rare, rarely seen in case reports. This paper reports the clinical data of a case of malignant melanoma with cough, expectoration and pleural effusion as the first symptoms diagnosed by thoracoscopy combined with pathology in Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, and analyzes and summarizes the literature data.
Malignant melanoma is a kind of tumor produced by human melanocytes. It has a high degree of malignancy, early metastasis and high mortality. Most melanomas are caused by malignant skin nevus and can also be seen in the digestive tract such as rectum and anus. Primary malignant melanoma of pleura is rare, rarely seen in case reports. This paper reports the clinical data of a case of malignant melanoma with cough, expectoration and pleural effusion as the first symptoms diagnosed by thoracoscopy combined with pathology in Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, and analyzes and summarizes the literature data.
Chest CT plain scan + enhancement shows multiple solid nodules with unequal sizes in bilateral lobes and bilaterally lobed lobes. A: multiple solid nodule shadows with unequal sizes in right lobed lobes and uneven or nodular thickening in right pleura on chest CT plain scan; B: obvious enhancement in the same cross section as A, and uneven thickening and enhancement in right pleura; C: plain scan in chest CT In the coronal reconstruction, multiple nodular shadows of both lungs and swollen lymph nodes of mediastinum can be seen; D: in the sagittal reconstruction of the right lung on plain CT scan of the chest, multiple solid nodular shadows of unequal size can be seen between the horizontal and oblique fissures of the right lung, and the right pleura is uneven or nodular thickening. CT: computed tomography
胸部CT平扫+增强示双肺及双侧叶间裂可见多发大小不等实性结节。A:胸部CT平扫右肺叶间裂可见多发大小不等实性结节影,右侧胸膜呈不均匀或结节状增厚;B:与A图同一截面增强后可见叶裂间结节明显强化,右侧胸膜不均匀增厚并强化;C:胸部CT平扫冠状位重建可见双肺多发结节影,纵隔多发肿大淋巴结;D:胸部CT平扫右肺矢状位重建可见右肺水平裂及斜裂间多发大小不等实性结节影,右侧胸膜呈不均匀或结节状增厚Chest CT plain scan + enhancement shows multiple solid nodules with unequal sizes in bilateral lobes and bilaterally lobed lobes. A: multiple solid nodule shadows with unequal sizes in right lobed lobes and uneven or nodular thickening in right pleura on chest CT plain scan; B: obvious enhancement in the same cross section as A, and uneven thickening and enhancement in right pleura; C: plain scan in chest CT In the coronal reconstruction, multiple nodular shadows of both lungs and swollen lymph nodes of mediastinum can be seen; D: in the sagittal reconstruction of the right lung on plain CT scan of the chest, multiple solid nodular shadows of unequal size can be seen between the horizontal and oblique fissures of the right lung, and the right pleura is uneven or nodular thickening. CT: computed tomography2018-09-26腹部增强CT (图 2)示:肝脏形态大小如常,轮廓规整,肝实质密度均匀,肝内可见多发大小不等低密度影,大着位于肝S2,截面约2.7 cm × 1.8 cm,CT值约18 HU,部分病灶周围似可见稍高强化,不除外转移瘤可能。动脉期肝实质密度不均匀,平扫及门脉期呈均匀密度。患者腹部CT影像检查结合既往病史,患者最近一年出现反复腹胀及大便次数增多情况,考虑肝内结节为转移病灶。
Plain scan and enhanced scan of abdominal CT showed multiple low-density shadows of different sizes in the liver, and some lesions seemed to have slightly higher enhancement around, excluding the possibility of metastasis. A and B are plain and contrast enhanced images of the same plane of abdominal CT; C and D are plain and contrast enhanced images of the same plane of abdominal CT
腹部CT平扫+增强示肝内可见多发大小不等低密度影,部分病灶周围似可见稍高强化,不除外转移瘤可能。A、B:腹部CT同一平面平扫与增强对比图像;C、D:腹部CT同一平面平扫与增强对比图像Plain scan and enhanced scan of abdominal CT showed multiple low-density shadows of different sizes in the liver, and some lesions seemed to have slightly higher enhancement around, excluding the possibility of metastasis. A and B are plain and contrast enhanced images of the same plane of abdominal CT; C and D are plain and contrast enhanced images of the same plane of abdominal CT入院后完善相关化验检查,2018-09-06血常规、生化检查未见明显异常,D-二聚体1.50 μg/mL较正常值上限偏高,癌抗原125 (cancer antigen 125, CA125) 508.93 U/mL较正常值上限偏高。患者为进一步明确病变性质,于2018-09-05在超声引导下行胸腔穿刺置管术,术后留取胸水标本(图 3)送病理涂片结果示:胸水涂片可见淋巴细胞、增生的间皮细胞及少量非典型的细胞团,未见明确肿瘤细胞。同时每日抽取胸水缓解症状。胸水化验结果回报:淡黄色,微浑,不凝固,李凡它试验阴性,比重 < 1.018,有核细胞计数801×106/L,单个核细胞89%。胸水生化:白蛋白29.7 g/L,总蛋白45.1 g/L,葡萄糖5.92 mmol/L,腺苷脱氨酶(adenosine deaminase, ADA) 6.00 U/L,乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) 148 U/L,胸水CA125含量为1, 909.12 U/mL。
3
胸水涂片。A、B和C分别为三次胸水涂片病理结果回报,显微镜下放大20倍,均未查见肿瘤细胞
Hydrothorax smear. A, B and C images were the pathological results of three times of pleural effusion smear, respectively. Under the microscope, they were magnified 20 times, and no tumor cells were found
胸水涂片。A、B和C分别为三次胸水涂片病理结果回报,显微镜下放大20倍,均未查见肿瘤细胞Hydrothorax smear. A, B and C images were the pathological results of three times of pleural effusion smear, respectively. Under the microscope, they were magnified 20 times, and no tumor cells were found根据患者入院后CT及化验检查,初步诊断考虑肺恶性肿瘤伴胸膜转移,为进一步明确病理学类型并指导治疗,遂转入外科行胸腔镜胸膜活检术。2018-09-13外科胸腔镜(图 4)检查发现:右侧胸腔内大量淡黄色胸水,探查见壁层胸膜及膈肌面大量大小不等的菜花状隆起,白色或呈透明状,部分呈黑色污泥状,触之质脆,易出血,用电刀沿结节基地电凝取壁层胸膜结节送病理检查,术后放胸腔引流管。胸膜结节术后病理检查(图 5)提示恶性黑色素瘤。免疫组化:S-100+;MelaA+;HMB45+;Vimentin+;TTF-1、NapsinA-;Calrentinin-;WT1-;CK-;CK5/6 (2次) -;PR-;GCDFP15-;D2-40-。
Under thoracoscopy, a large number of cauliflower like protuberances with different sizes can be seen on the lung surface and pleura. A and B: a large number of cauliflower like protuberances of different sizes on the right pleura and lung surface; C: a large number of cauliflower like protuberances of different sizes on the right thoracic diaphragm
Pathological diagnosis of pleural nodule after operation. A: a pleural nodule, with a single heterotypic cell seen at a magnification of 10 times under the microscope. Combined with immunohistochemistry, it was diagnosed as melanoma; B: a pleura nodule with 10 times magnification under the microscope. Combined with immunohistochemistry, it was diagnosed as melanoma
胸腔镜下可见肺表面及胸膜大量大小不等的菜花状隆起。A和B:右侧胸腔胸膜及肺表面大量大小不等的菜花状隆起;C:右侧胸腔膈肌上大量大小不等的菜花状隆起)Under thoracoscopy, a large number of cauliflower like protuberances with different sizes can be seen on the lung surface and pleura. A and B: a large number of cauliflower like protuberances of different sizes on the right pleura and lung surface; C: a large number of cauliflower like protuberances of different sizes on the right thoracic diaphragm胸膜结节术后病理诊断。A:胸膜结节1枚,显微镜下放大10倍可见单一异型细胞,结合免疫组化,诊断为黑色素瘤;B:胸膜结节1枚,显微镜下放大10倍可见异型细胞,结合免疫组化,诊断为黑色素瘤Pathological diagnosis of pleural nodule after operation. A: a pleural nodule, with a single heterotypic cell seen at a magnification of 10 times under the microscope. Combined with immunohistochemistry, it was diagnosed as melanoma; B: a pleura nodule with 10 times magnification under the microscope. Combined with immunohistochemistry, it was diagnosed as melanoma
目前为止,原发性胸膜恶性黑色素瘤的生物学行为不可预测,大多数患者从出现症状到病情进展的过程十分迅速,患者生存期短,预后极差。针对该病的治疗,目前美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN)指南未给出明确的意见,主要是手术治疗辅以放疗、化疗,并结合相应的免疫治疗,病情晚期一般以个体化的综合治疗为原则。目前已知黑色素瘤对放疗、化疗均不敏感,但在某些特殊情况下,如骨转移、脑转移时,放、化疗仍是一种十分重要的治疗手段。在死亡原因方面,远处转移导致的多脏器功能衰竭是导致患者死亡的主要原因[。
Authors: Christos Kyriakopoulos; George Zarkavelis; Artemis Andrianopoulou; Alexandra Papoudou-Bai; Dimitrios Stefanou; Stergios Boussios; George Pentheroudakis Journal: Case Rep Oncol Med Date: 2017-03-02