| Animals | animal, ant, bear, bird, bull, butterfly, cat, chicken, claw (e.g. of a bird), cock (male chicken), cow, crane, crow, cuckoo, dog, duck, eagle, egg (e.g. of a bird), elk, feather, fish, flock (e.g. of sheep), fly (insect), fox, fur, gnat, goose, hare, horn, horse, lair (e.g. of a fox), louse, mouse, nest (e.g. of a bird), owl, paw (e.g. of a cat), perch, pig, pike, sheep, snake, spider, squirrel, swan, swarm (e.g. of birds), tail (e.g. of a dog), track (e.g. of an animal), wing, wolf, worm, to bark (of dog), to howl (e.g. of wolf) |
| Artifacts | broom, bag (container for carrying), bucket, bundle (group of objects tied together), cauldron, cover/lid (of a container), cup, dishes (dishware, crockery), doll, figure (e.g. representing a god), fork (for eating), handle (part of an object which is held), hook, knife, leash (e.g. dog leash) lock, nail (spike-shaped metal fastener), net (mesh of string), picture, pot (vessel for cooking), pouch, sack, shovel, spade, spoon |
| Calendar | April, August, December, February, Friday, January, July, June, March, May, Monday, November, October, Saturday, September, Sunday Thursday, Tuesday, Wednesday |
| Classification | angle (internal, e.g. of a room), area (extent of surface, region), circle (geometric figure), corner (external angle), count (quantity counted), cross (geometric figure), distance (between two points), edge (sharp terminating border), end (of a long object), fringe (peripheral part), gap (between objects), half (of a quantity), heap, hole (in an object), item (physical object), line (geometric figure), matter (affair), middle (central part of something), part (fraction of a whole), pattern (regular repeated elements), piece (separable part of a larger whole), row (line of objects), side (of an object), sort (type), space (available space, e.g. in a closet), thing (distinct entity), tip (of a pointy object), to alter (make different) |
| Clothing | belt (clothing), blanket (for sleeping), boot (heavy shoe covering part of the leg), button (fastener on clothes), cap (head covering), clothes, cloth (woven fabric), collar (e.g. on a coat), knot (looping of string), leather, needle (for sewing), paint (substance for colouring), pillow (for sleeping), ribbon (strip of cloth), ring (jewellery), scarf (light, worn around the shoulders), shirt, shoe, sleeve, string (made from twisted threads), thread, to dye (e.g. hair), to get dressed, to knit (e.g. a jacket), to put on (e.g. one’s coat), to sew, to take off (e.g. one’s coat), trousers, wool |
| Crafts | ash (solid remains of a fire), board (long, wide and thin piece of wood), clay (ductile material), coal (combustible substance), glass (transparent substance), gold (metal), iron (metal), noose (e.g. on a rope), pipe (hollow conduit, tube), pole (long and slender piece of wood), sand (material), silver (metal), slab (flat piece of solid material), staff (long straight stick), stick (piece of wood used as a tool), strap (e.g. strip of leather), support/rest (something which keeps upright), wood (material), to build (e.g. a house), to make (create, bring about), to produce (manufacture), to repair/mend (e.g. a vehicle) |
| Emotions | dear (beloved), desire (to have something), grief (sorrow, sadness), happiness, joy (emotion), laughter, sad (emotion), wish (longing), to be afraid of (fear), to be afraid (be frightened), to be annoyed (be irritated), to cry (weep, shed tears), to flee (run away), to grumble (complain in a surly manner), to laugh, to like (favor, be in favor of), to love (have a strong affection for), to move (arouse the feelings of) |
| Housing | bed, box, bridge, chair, cradle, door, fence, floor (supporting surface of a room), gate, home (one’s own dwelling place), house (building), ladder, pasture, path (trail used by pedestrians), road (way for travelling by vehicle), roof, shelf, stove (heater), table, town, village, way (connection between places), well (source of water), window, to dwell |
| Human body | arm, back, beard (generic), belly, blind, blood (fluid), body (of a living organism), bone, bosom (female breast), brain, breast (e.g. of a man), breath (breathing), cheek, chin, deaf, dream (while sleeping), ear, elbow, eye, face, fat (person), fever, finger, fingernail, foot, forehead, hair (on head), hand, head, health, heart, heel, hunger (condition), hungry, ill, illness, jaw, knee, leg, lip, liver, medicine (drug), moustache, mouth, nail, naked, nape (back side of neck), navel, neck (from outside), nose, pain, palm, pretty, shoulder, sinew, skin, sleep (condition), slim, stomach, strength (being strong), strong (tough), tear (drop of fluid), thigh, throat (from inside), toe, tongue, tooth (e.g. incisor), vein, weak (feeble), wound, to ache (e.g. of head), to be ill, to blow (using the mouth), to breathe, to cough, to drink, to eat, to fall asleep, to fall ill, to get tired, to get up (rise from one’s bed), to groan (e.g. in pain), to recover (from an illness), to relax (recreate), to shout, to sleep, to swallow, to tremble (e.g. with fear), to wake up, to whistle |
| Hygiene | comb (implement for grooming), filth (that which soils or defiles), mirror, to clean (e.g. using a brush), to comb, to decorate (e.g. a house), to have a bath (e.g. in a river), to rinse (e.g. clothes, dishes), to sweep (e.g. a room), to wash (e.g. clothes), to wash oneself, towel (used for wiping), to wipe |
| Kinship | aunt (e.g. father’s sister), boy (male child), brother (e.g. elder brother), child (e.g. 10 years old), daughter, family (group of close relatives living together), father, girl (female child), grandfather (e.g. father’s father), grandmother (e.g. father’s mother), human (human being), husband, man, mother, parents, sister (e.g. elder sister), son, uncle (e.g. father’s brother), wife, woman |
| Language | call (appeal), fairy tale, language, message, name (of a person), news, puzzle (riddle), sign (object bearing a message), song, speech (long oral message), story (oral narration), talk (conversation), voice (sounds uttered by vocal cords), word (unit of language), to ask (question), to brag, to call (someone to come), to chat (have a conversation), to convey (e.g. a message), to name (give a name to), to request, to say (e.g. utter), to speak (produce utterances), to talk (exchange information), to tell, to translate (e.g. text) |
| Manipulation | force (which is applied to produce an effect), to add, to bend (e.g. a pipe), to bite (e.g. a child, of a dog), to bow (e.g. the arm), to break (e.g. a plate), to bring, to burn (e.g. paper, wood), to carry (e.g. a box), to catch (e.g. a ball), to choose (between options), to close (e.g. a window), to connect (join, e.g. using strings), to cover (e.g. a boat using a canvas), to cut off (e.g. a piece of cake), to cut (e.g. paper), to damage (e.g. a house, a vehicle), to destroy (e.g. a village), to dig (in earth), to divide (split into parts), to drag (e.g. the trunk of a tree), to drop (let fall from one’s hands), to fill (e.g. a glass with water), to get (obtain, e.g. an important item), to glue (e.g. a poster to a wall), to grab (e.g. someone’s arm), to hang up (e.g. a picture), to hide, to hit (on purpose, e.g. a table), to hold (in one’s hands), to jog (e.g. on a door), to keep (e.g. food, money), to knock (e.g. on a wall), to lay (e.g. money onto a table), to leave (e.g. a coat at home), to lick (e.g. a wound), to lift (e.g. a box), to light (e.g. a candle), to lose (e.g. a key), to open (e.g. a window), to pick up (from the floor), to place (cause someone to sit), to pour (e.g. water into a glass), to preserve, to press (exert weight or force against), to pull (e.g. a rope), to push (shove, e.g. a box), to put (in upright position, e.g. a glass), to raise (e.g. one’s hand), to rub (e.g. glass with a rag), to scrape (e.g. a plate using a knife), to seize (grab, e.g. a knife), to select (pick one option), to send (e.g. a letter), to shake (e.g. a bottle), to sharpen (e.g. a knife), to spin (e.g. a skewer), to spread (e.g. fat on a surface), to stick (e.g. a twig into a hole), to sweep (e.g. leaves), to swing (e.g. a flag, cloth), to take, to tear off (e.g. a doll’s arm), to tear (e.g. a cloth), to throw (e.g. a ball), to tie (e.g. using a rope), to touch (make physical contact with), to turn around (e.g. palm), to turn over (e.g. pancakes, pieces of meat), to wrap (e.g. a fish in paper) |
| Mathematics | a hundred, a thousand, amount (measurable quantity of a material), eight, eighty, eleven, fifty, first, five, forty, four, height, last (in a row), length, nine, ninety, one, second, seven, seventy, six, sixty, size (dimensions of an object), ten, third, thirty, three, twelve, twenty, two, weight (mass as measured), to calculate (reckon), to count (determine the number of), to decrease (of quantity), to increase (of quantity), to measure (e.g. ascertain the height of) |
| Modality | can (be able to), to do (e.g. “what are you doing?”), to finish (e.g. a piece of work), to start (initiate, e.g. a quarrel), to stop (stop the current activity), to succeed (be successful), to turn out (result, end up), to want (desire) |
| Movement | to arrive (reach one’s destination), to budge (change posture), to climb (of human), to come back (return to a place), to come (move here), to creep (of human), to dash (e.g. of a vehicle), to depart (set out on a journey), to dive (of human), to drop (e.g. water level), to enter (e.g. a building, a room), to escape (get away, e.g. from captivity), to fall (swiftly move downwards), to flow (e.g. a river), to fly (e.g. of bird), to go (move through space), to go away (leave a place), to go in (go into an enclosed space), to hurry (do things quickly), to jump (of human), to move (change place), to revolve (e.g. of a wheel), to rise (e.g. water level), to run (of human), to rush (move in haste), to seesaw (use a seesaw), to sink (e.g. stone in water), to sit down (assume a sitting position), to stand up (e.g. from a chair), to stay (remain in a place), to step (move the foot in walking), to stop (cease moving), to stream (to flow in a continuous manner), to sway (move backward and forward), to swim (of human), to swing (repeatedly move from side to side), to take a walk, to tumble (fall end over end), to walk (move on the feet) |
| Nature | air (where birds fly), bay (small coastal inlet), brook (small river), cave (in a mountain), chill (low temperature), cloud (bright), coast (seashore), current (of a river), dirt (on objects), drop (e.g. water), dust (settled), earth (substance), elevation (of the ground), fire (flames), foam (on liquid), fog, forest, frost (temperature below freezing point), ground (soil, earth), heat (high temperature), hill (possibly wooded), hoarfrost, ice, island, lake, land (as opposed to sea), light (from a natural source), meadow (land covered with grass), moon (celestial body), moor (wasteland covered by heath), mountain (woodless), pit (hole in the ground), rainbow, rain (falling), river (larger river), sea, shadow (shady place), shore (of a lake), sky (visible), slope (of a mountain), smoke (from a fire), snow (on the ground), source (of a river), spark (from a fire), star (in the night sky), stone (substance), summit (of a mountain), sun (celestial body), swamp (area of impassable wet land), thunder (during a thunderstorm), water (cold water), wave (on water), weather, wind (outside), to blow (of wind), to boil (of water), to break (e.g. a bone), to burn (e.g. of wood), to decay (e.g. of wood), to dry (e.g. of clothes), to freeze (to become solid due to low temperature), to melt (e.g. of ice), to rain (e.g. “it is raining”), to rise (of the sun), to rot (e.g. of meat), to set (of the sun), to shine (of the sun), to smoke (give off smoke), to snap (e.g. of a thread), to thaw (e.g. of snow), to thunder (e.g. “it thundered”) |
| Negative interaction | damage (material harm, detriment), fault (blame, responsibility), lie (falsehood), misfortune (undesirable condition), mistake (wrong action or decision), to annoy, to beat (someone), to bother, to brawl, to cheat (e.g. someone of money), to conceal (e.g. a fact), to disturb, to hinder, to kick (someone, a dog), to kill, to leave (someone), to separate (part ways), to shove (someone), to steal, to sting (e.g. with a needle) |
| Personality | clever (intelligent), diligent, evil (malevolent), gentle (tender), lazy, merry, skilful, stingy, stupid |
| Place | above, ahead, back (to the start), backward, behind, below, between, down, everywhere, far (distant), forward, hence, here, hither, in front of, left (e.g. left leg), near (close), next to, place (location, position), right (e.g. right leg), there, thither, through (e.g. a window, a hole), under, up, to hang (e.g. “the coat is hanging”), to lie (of a person), to sit (of a person), to stand (of a person) |
| Plants | apple, bark, berry (generic term), birch, fir, flower, grain (single grain), grass (ground cover), hay, leaf, limb (of a tree), mushroom (generic term), onion (edible), peel (e.g. of an apple), pine, root, seed (fertilized grain), tree, trunk (of a tree), twig, willow, to grow, to ripen |
| Politics | border (between states), country (set region of land), king, power (ability to control), state (sovereign polity), to rule (e.g. country) |
| Positive interaction | to assemble (e.g. people in a place), to bring up (raise, e.g. a child), to cover (e.g. a child with a blanket), to dance, to give (an object, e.g. a fruit), to give (as a present, e.g. a book), to guide (e.g. to one’s destination), to hand (e.g. salt at table), to instruct (e.g. children), to invite (to one’s place), to kiss, to lead, to let (cause someone to), to meet, to play (e.g. of children), to praise, to promise, to receive (be given), to rescue (someone), to rock (a child), to show (let someone see), to sing, to teach (e.g. to swim, to sew), to unite (form into a group), to urge, to visit (e.g. a friend), to wake, to wish (e.g. luck) |
| Pronouns | this, that, everything, I, thou, he, we, they, you (plural) |
| Qualities | beautiful (e.g. flower), big (e.g. rock), blunt (e.g. knife), clean, closed (e.g. door), cold, cool, damp, delicate/fine (e.g. yarn, web), dense (e.g. hair, forest), dirty, dry, empty (container), firm/solid (e.g. wood, wall), flat (object), fresh (e.g. air), full (container), hard (e.g. shell), heavy (of weight), hot (e.g. fire), little (e.g. rock), long (object), narrow (e.g. river, bridge), open (e.g. door), pointed (e.g. needle), powerful (forceful), raw (uncooked), ripe (e.g. fruit), round (circular), sharp (e.g. knife), short (object), smooth (surface), soft (e.g. cushion), thick (object), thin (object), warm, wet, wide (e.g. river, bridge) |
| Questions | how, how much, what, where, where to, who, why |
| Religion | church, death, god, grave, life (state of being alive), living, sin, spirit (inner energy of a being), world (universe), to be born (of human), to die (of human), to live (be alive), to perish (die violently) |
| Senses | bitter (taste), black, blue, bright (full of light), calm (absence of noise and disturbances), colourful (multicolored), dark (devoid of light), delicious (tasty), flavour (of something), green, grey, noise (unwanted loud sounds), odour (of something), red, sound (sensation perceived by the ear), sour (e.g. lemon), sweet (taste), tone (sound of a specific pitch), white, yellow, to appear (e.g. light, ghost), to be cold (feel the sensation of coldness), to be noisy (e.g. children), to chime (e.g. of bell), to disappear (e.g. light, ghost), to feel (sense), to hear (perceive with the ears), to hear (receive information about), to listen (pay attention to speech), to look at (turn the eyes toward), to ring (e.g. doorbell, phone), to roar (e.g. storm, sea), to rustle (e.g. of leaves in breeze), to seem (appear, be perceived as), to see (perceive with the eyes), to shine (e.g. of metal, shiny surface), to show (be visible), to smell (sense the smell of), to sound (e.g. of instrument), to sparkle/twinkle (e.g. of star, little light), to taste (sample the flavor of), to tinkle (e.g. glass), to watch (view for a period of time, e.g. movie) |
| Social relations | boss (supervisor), companion (with whom one spends time), company (companionship), doctor (physician), friend (person whose company one enjoys), game (playful activity), gift, guest, help (assistance), master (expert tradesman), nation (community defined by common culture), people (many persons), teacher, worker, work (employment), to work |
| Subsistence | bread, butter, corn (cereal plant grown for its grain), dish (type of prepared food), fat (refined substance), food (consumable substance), honey, meal (process of food intake), meat, milk, mush, oil (liquid vegetable fat), salt, slice (e.g. of bread), soup, tea, trap (e.g. mouse trap), to bake (e.g. bread, a cake), to boil (e.g. vegetables), to catch (an animal), to chop (e.g. kale), to cook (e.g. a meal), to drive (cattle), to feed (an animal), to fish (catch fish), to fry (e.g. meat), to gather (e.g. mushrooms, berries), to herd (cattle), to hunt, to milk (a cow), to pick (e.g. an apple), to stir (e.g. soup), to tie up (an animal), to water (e.g. flowers) |
| Thinking | a little, alone, and, at once (in one go), bad (e.g. tool), because of, correct, different, familiar, famous, foreign, good (e.g. tool), hardly, in vain, meaning (denotation), memory (human ability to record information), mind (ability for rational thought), nasty/dire, not, only (e.g. only one cow), or, other, reason (motive, rationale), so, thought, together, true (truthful), truth, very, to await (wait for someone), to believe, to deceive (create the wrong impression), to endure (e.g. pain), to find (locate something searched for), to forget (lose remembrance of), to grasp (understand the meaning of), to improve (make better), to know (be aware of), to learn (e.g. to sew), to look for (seek, attempt to find), to notice, to prepare (make ready, set up), to recognize, to remember (recall from one’s memory), to spoil (e.g. the mood), to think, to try (attempt), to understand (acoustically, e.g. a call), to wait (delay action until something happens) |
| Time | afterwards, again, age (number of years since birth), already, always, at first, at that time, autumn, before, day, end (conclusion), evening, former (erstwhile), instantly, later, long (a long time), month, morning, never, new, night, noon, now, often, old (e.g. house), old (person), once (a single time), once (once upon a time), sometimes, soon, spring, still, suddenly, summer, then, time (constant passing of events), today, tomorrow, week, winter, year, yesterday, young, to become (turn into), to begin (start existing), to change (become something different), to end (stop existing), to happen (occur), to pass (of time) |
| Trade | benefit (advantage), business (commercial activity), cheap, expensive (goods), money, poor (needy), precious, price, rich, shop, to buy (e.g. goods), to own (possess), to pay for (e.g. goods), to pay (e.g. in a restaurant), to sell (e.g. goods), ware, wealth |
| Travel | boat, campfire, east, load (on a vehicle), north, oar (rowing implement), ski, sleigh, south, step (single pace), to drive (travel by a vehicle), to row (propel a boat using oars), walk (trip made by walking), west |
| Warfare | arrow (projectile shot from a bow), bow (weapon), enemy (hostile person), fight (physical confrontation), gun (firearm), violence (use of force), war, to defend (e.g. city, state), to guard (e.g. a building), to protect (a person), to shoot (e.g. with a gun), to win (achieve victory) |
| Writing | book, character (written symbol, letter), letter (written message), newspaper, stroke (drawn with a writing implement), to draw (e.g. a line), to paint (e.g. a picture), to read (e.g. a book), to write (e.g. a letter) |
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