Literature DB >> 32209188

[Apatinib Combined with CCI-779 Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Small Cell Lung Cancer NCI-H446 Cells In Vitro].

Chao Liu1, Hongbing Zhang1, Yongwen Li2, Zihe Zhang1, Ruifeng Shi1, Songlin Xu1, Guangsheng Zhu1, Pan Wang1, Hongyu Liu2, Jun Chen1,2.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the most common malignancy world-wide. Small cell lung cancer is the deadliest subtype of lung cancer, which features such as rapid growth, early metastasis, and high vascularization. Apatinib is a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor independently developed in China, which has a significant inhibition in a variety of solid tumors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Apatinib alone or Apatinib combined with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, CCI-779, on small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H446 in vitro.
METHODS: The small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H446 was grew in vitro. The effects of Apatinib alone or Apatinib combined with CCI-779 on proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and migration of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells were detected by CCK8; FACS and transwell assays were also carried out; Western blot assays were used to detect vascular endothelial growth factor and cell cycle related protein expression.
RESULTS: CCK8 assays showed that high concentration of Apatinib could inhibit the proliferation of NCI-H446 cells. Apoptosis assays showed that high concentration of Apatinib could induce NCI-H446 cell apoptosis. Transwell assays showed that high concentration of Apatinib could inhibit NCI-H446 cell migration. After combined with mTOR inhibitor CCI-779, low concentration of Apatinib could inhibit the proliferation and migration of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells and induce apoptosis.
CONCLUSIONS: Apatinib has a concentration-dependent effect on the small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H446. High concentration of Apatinib can inhibit the proliferation and migration of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells, induce apoptosis. Apatinib combined with the mTOR inhibitor CCI-779 can sensitize the NCI-H446 cells to Apatinib.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Apatinib; Apoptosis; CCI-779; Cell cycle; Cell migration; Lung neoplasms; mTOR inhibitor

Mesh:

Substances:

Year:  2020        PMID: 32209188      PMCID: PMC7210093          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.104.08

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


肺癌是最常见的癌症以及癌症相关死亡的主要原因,可分为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)和小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC)。其中SCLC约占所有肺癌的10%-15%[,是一种高侵袭、高致死率、易广泛转移的肺癌类型,早期即可出现血行转移,约60%患者确诊时已有远处转移[,5年生存率仅为7%[。SCLC具有生长迅速、高度血管化的特点。血管生成是恶性肿瘤进展过程中最关键的过程之一,其为肿瘤的生长提供营养物质,促进肿瘤的生长,与肿瘤的发生、增殖和转移密切相关[。血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)是血管生成的重要调控分子,能够与血管内皮生长因子受体2(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, VEGFR2)结合形成正反馈,调控血管内皮细胞的增殖、分化和迁移,促进新生血管形成。阻断VEGFR2可抑制肿瘤诱导的血管生成[。此外,几乎所有SCLC患者都存在TP53和RB基因失活或突变[。TP53和RB基因是重要的抑癌基因,其突变会导致细胞周期调控异常,细胞持续增殖,促进肿瘤的发生及发展。 阿帕替尼(Apatinib)是一种小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,能够选择性抑制VEGFR2的活性,从而抑制VEGF介导的细胞增殖、肿瘤微血管密度[。Apatinib已被证实在多种类型肿瘤中发挥作用,如胃癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌以及NSCLC[,但是ApatinibSCLC细胞的作用尚需探索。CCI-779是一种哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)抑制剂,能够抑制肿瘤细胞增殖及VEGF产生,诱导细胞周期停滞在G1期,由于SCLC均存在细胞增殖异常及VEGF调控异常,mTOR抑制剂有望抑制其增殖。此外,联合mTOR周期抑制剂有可能增加SCLCApatinib的敏感性。本研究通过体外实验探讨ApatinibSCLC细胞株的作用以及联合CCI-779能否增加SCLC细胞株对Apatinib敏感性。

材料与方法

细胞株和主要试剂

SCLC细胞NCI-H446TP53突变、RB突变)购自中国科学院细胞库(中国上海),阿帕替尼(Apatinib mesylate, S2221)、CCI-779(NSC683864, S1044)均购自Selleck公司。抗体:VEGFR2抗体购自Abcam公司,CDK4CDK6、GAPDH抗体均购自Cell Signaling Technology公司。RPMI-1640培养基、胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum)、胰蛋白酶均购自GIBCO公司。CCK-8细胞增殖试剂盒、二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)均购自碧云天公司。PI/RNase染色液、细胞凋亡试剂盒均购自BD公司。Transwell购自美国Corning公司。

细胞培养

将细胞从-80 ℃冰箱中取出,在37 ℃水浴锅中快速复温,1, 000 rpm离心3 min,弃掉上清液,用新鲜培养基重悬细胞沉淀,培养于含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基,置于37 ℃、5%CO2饱和湿度的培养箱中。待细胞生长至90%左右融合度时,弃掉培养基,用PBS清洗1遍-2遍,0.25%胰酶-EDTA消化传代。所有实验均采用对数生长期细胞。

CCK8法测定细胞活力

收集呈对数期稳定生长的NCI-H446细胞,细胞计数板计数,调整细胞悬液浓度至2.5×104/mL,向96孔板中每孔加入200 μL悬液,37 ℃、5%CO2培养过夜,待细胞贴壁后,设置Apatinib浓度梯度为0 μmol/L、1 μmol/L、2 μmol/L、4 μmol/L、8 μmol/L、16 μmol/L、32 μmol/L、64 μmol/L、128 μmol/L,每个浓度设4个复孔,每个复孔加入200 μL不同浓度的Apatinib。37 ℃、5%CO2孵育24 h后,弃掉培养基,每孔加入100 μL含10% CCK-8的完全培养基,避光,37 ℃培养箱中孵育1 h,用酶标仪测定在450 nm处的吸光度,药物抑制率计算公式:(对照组OD值-实验组OD值)/对照组OD值×100%,计算出药物的半数抑制浓度(half inhibitory concentration, IC50)。以同样的方法测定CCI-779NCI-H446细胞的抑制率及IC50。

细胞周期实验

NCI-H446细胞接种至6孔板中,加入完全培养基,待细胞汇合率达到70%-80%时,吸去孔内培养基,将各孔分为对照组、CCI-779处理组、低浓度Apatinib处理组、高浓度Apatinib处理组、低浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组、高浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组,各组分别加入不同浓度药物2 mL,37 ℃、5%CO2孵育24 h。收集1×106个细胞于流式管中,用预冷的PBS清洗细胞,1, 000 rpm离心3 min,弃上清,逐滴加入1 mL-2 mL预冷的75%乙醇,涡旋混匀细胞,4 ℃避光过夜,2, 000 rpm离心细胞10 min,弃上清,PBS清洗细胞2次以去除乙醇,将细胞重悬于0.5 mL PI/RNase染色液,室温避光孵育15 min,1 h之内上流式细胞仪进行检测。

细胞凋亡实验

NCI-H446细胞接种至6孔板中,加入完全培养基,待细胞汇合率达到70%-80%时,吸去孔内培养基,将各孔分为对照组、CCI-779处理组、低浓度Apatinib处理组、高浓度Apatinib处理组、低浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组、高浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组,各组分别加入不同浓度药物2 mL,37 ℃、5%CO2孵育24 h。收集5×105个细胞于流式管中,用预冷的PBS清洗细胞,1, 000 rpm离心3 min,弃上清,加入100 μL 1×Binding Buffer重悬细胞,加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC,37 ℃培养箱中孵育10 min;加入5 μL PI Staining Solution,轻轻混匀,避光、室温反应10 min;加入400 μL 1×Binding Buffer,混匀,样品在1 h内用流式细胞仪检测。

Transwell迁移实验

NCI-H446细胞接种至6孔板中,加入完全培养基,待细胞汇合率达到70%-80%时,吸去孔内培养基,将各孔分为对照组、CCI-779处理组、低浓度Apatinib处理组、高浓度Apatinib处理组、低浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组、高浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组,各组分别加入不同浓度药物2 mL,37 ℃、5%CO2孵育24 h。使用无血清RPMI-1640培养基调整各组细胞浓度为1×105/mL,分别取200 μL加入上室,于下室加入600 μL含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基,置于37 ℃、5%CO2培养箱,培养24 h。取出小室后,用棉签轻柔拭去上室细胞,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,结晶紫室温染色25 min,并用PBS将多余染色液洗净,显微镜下观察穿过的细胞,每个样本随机选取5个视野进行拍照计数,计算平均值。

蛋白免疫印迹实验

NCI-H446细胞接种至6孔板中,当细胞融合度达到70%-80%时,加入不同浓度药物处理,24 h后提取蛋白,BCA法测定蛋白浓度。加入SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液,充分混匀,100 ℃金属浴加热15 min。每种样品取30 μg上样电泳,湿转法电转移至PVDF膜,含5%脱脂牛奶的TBST摇床上室温封闭2 h。按照不同分子量剪切PVDF膜,加入对应的抗体,4 ℃摇床孵育过夜。次日用TBST室温清洗3次,每次5 min,加HRP标记的二抗,室温孵育1 h,显色曝光,分析条带灰度值。

统计学方法

应用Graphpad Prism 8.0软件对数据进行统计学分析并作图,组间数据比较采用单因素t检验,P值取双侧检验,P < 0.05为有统计学差异。

结果

高浓度Apatinib抑制NCI-H446细胞增殖

Apatinib按照0 μmol/L、1 μmol/L、2 μmol/L、4 μmol/L、8 μmol/L、16 μmol/L、32 μmol/L、64 μmol/L、128 μmol/L的浓度梯度处理NCI-H446细胞24 h后,CCK8法计算出其IC50为30.44 μmol/L。如图 1所示,当药物浓度 < 10 μmol/L时,ApatinibNCI-H446细胞活力几乎没有影响;当药物浓度 > 10 μmol/L时,Apatinib开始逐渐抑制NCI-H446细胞增殖,药物浓度 > 30.44 μmol/L后才能将NCI-H446细胞活力抑制在50%以下,提示ApatinibNCI-H446的作用具有浓度依赖性,高浓度Apatinib才能明显抑制NCI-H446细胞增殖。
1

高浓度Apatinib抑制NCI-H446细胞增殖。不同浓度的Apatinib处理NCI-H446细胞24 h后,CCK8法计算出其IC50为30.44 μmol/L。当药物浓度 > 10 μmol/L时,Apatinib开始逐渐抑制NCI-H446细胞增殖,药物浓度 > 30.44 μmol/L后才能将NCI-H446细胞活力抑制在50%以下。

High concentration of Apatinib inhibits NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells proliferation. After the NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells were treated with Apatinib at different concentrations for 24 h, the IC50 calculated by the CCK8 was 30.44 μmol/L. When the drug concentration > 10 μmol/L, Apatinib gradually inhibits the proliferation of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells, and the NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells viability can be suppressed below 50% when concentration > 30.44 μmol/L. IC50: half inhibitory concentration.

高浓度Apatinib抑制NCI-H446细胞增殖。不同浓度的Apatinib处理NCI-H446细胞24 h后,CCK8法计算出其IC50为30.44 μmol/L。当药物浓度 > 10 μmol/L时,Apatinib开始逐渐抑制NCI-H446细胞增殖,药物浓度 > 30.44 μmol/L后才能将NCI-H446细胞活力抑制在50%以下。 High concentration of Apatinib inhibits NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells proliferation. After the NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells were treated with Apatinib at different concentrations for 24 h, the IC50 calculated by the CCK8 was 30.44 μmol/L. When the drug concentration > 10 μmol/L, Apatinib gradually inhibits the proliferation of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells, and the NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells viability can be suppressed below 50% when concentration > 30.44 μmol/L. IC50: half inhibitory concentration.

高浓度Apatinib诱导NCI-H446细胞凋亡

为了研究ApatinibNCI-H446细胞凋亡的影响,我们分别用低浓度(12 μmol/L、16 μmol/L)和高浓度(28 μmol/L、32 μmol/L)Apatinib处理NCI-H446细胞24 h,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况。如图 2所示,对照组凋亡细胞占总细胞的比例为4.18%±0.30%,低浓度Apatinib处理组分别为4.29%±0.25%、4.88%±0.17%,高浓度Apatinib处理组分别为10.09%±0.37%、11.22%±0.81%。与对照组相比,低浓度Apatinib处理组NCI-H446细胞凋亡没有显著变化(P > 0.5),高浓度Apatinib处理组NCI-H446细胞凋亡明显增加(P < 0.001),提示高浓度Apatinib能诱导NCI-H446细胞凋亡。
2

高浓度Apatinib诱导NCI-H446细胞凋亡。与对照组相比,低浓度Apatinib处理组NCI-H446细胞凋亡没有显著变化(P > 0.5),高浓度Apatinib处理组细胞凋亡明显增加(P < 0.000, 1)。

High concentration of Apatinib induces apoptosis in NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells. Compared with the control group, low concentration of Apatinib didn't induce apoptosis of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells (P > 0.5), while the high concentration of Apatinib significantly increased the apoptosis of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells (P < 0.000, 1).

高浓度Apatinib诱导NCI-H446细胞凋亡。与对照组相比,低浓度Apatinib处理组NCI-H446细胞凋亡没有显著变化(P > 0.5),高浓度Apatinib处理组细胞凋亡明显增加(P < 0.000, 1)。 High concentration of Apatinib induces apoptosis in NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells. Compared with the control group, low concentration of Apatinib didn't induce apoptosis of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells (P > 0.5), while the high concentration of Apatinib significantly increased the apoptosis of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells (P < 0.000, 1).

高浓度Apatinib抑制NCI-H446细胞迁移

为了研究ApatinibNCI-H446细胞迁移的影响,我们分别用低浓度(12 μmol/L、16 μmol/L)和高浓度(28 μmol/L、32 μmol/L)Apatinib处理NCI-H446细胞24 h,将细胞加入Transwell小室中,24 h后观察细胞迁移数目。如图 3所示,对照组细胞迁移数目为(271.60±9.60)个,低浓度Apatinib处理组分别为(285.60±7.61)个、(255.80±3.60)个,高浓度Apatinib处理组分别为(78.20±10.30)个、(11.80±2.60)个。与对照组相比,低浓度Apatinib处理组NCI-H446细胞迁移无显著变化(P > 0.5),高浓度Apatinib处理组显著抑制NCI-H446细胞迁移(P < 0.000, 1),提示高浓度Apatinib显著抑制NCI-H446细胞迁移。
3

高浓度Apatinib抑制NCI-H446细胞迁移。与对照组相比,低浓度Apatinib处理组NCI-H446细胞迁移无显著变化(P > 0.5),高浓度Apatinib处理组显著抑制NCI-H446细胞迁移(P < 0.000, 1)。

High concentration of Apatinib inhibits the migration of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells. Compared with the control group, low concentration of Apatinib didn't inhibit the migration of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells (P > 0.5), while the high concentration of Apatinib significantly inhibited the migration of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells (P < 0.000, 1).

高浓度Apatinib抑制NCI-H446细胞迁移。与对照组相比,低浓度Apatinib处理组NCI-H446细胞迁移无显著变化(P > 0.5),高浓度Apatinib处理组显著抑制NCI-H446细胞迁移(P < 0.000, 1)。 High concentration of Apatinib inhibits the migration of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells. Compared with the control group, low concentration of Apatinib didn't inhibit the migration of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells (P > 0.5), while the high concentration of Apatinib significantly inhibited the migration of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells (P < 0.000, 1).

Apatinib联合CCI-779增加NCI-H446细胞对Apatinib的敏感性

如图 4A所示,CCI-779按照0 μmol/L、1 μmol/L、2 μmol/L、4 μmol/L、8 μmol/L、16 μmol/L、32 μmol/L、64 μmol/L、128 μmol/L的浓度梯度处理NCI-H446细胞24 h后,CCK8法计算出其IC50为13.59 μmol/L,提示CCI-779能抑制NCI-H446活性。
4

Apatinib联合CCI-779抑制NCI-H446细胞细胞周期进展及细胞迁移

Effect of Apatinib combined with CCI-779 inhibits cell cycle and migration of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells

Apatinib联合CCI-779抑制NCI-H446细胞细胞周期进展及细胞迁移 Effect of Apatinib combined with CCI-779 inhibits cell cycle and migration of NCI-H446 small cell lung cancer cells 首先,选取药物浓度为6 μmol/L(1/2 IC50)的CCI-779Apatinib联用。在Apatinib 0 μmol/L、4 μmol/L、8 μmol/L、12 μmol/L、16 μmol/L、20 μmol/L、24 μmol/L、28 μmol/L、32 μmol/L浓度梯度下,应用蛋白免疫印迹实验,观察单药ApatinibApatinib联合CCI-779时细胞周期蛋白的变化。如图 4B-4C所示,单药Apatinib处理NCI-H446细胞时,Apatinib浓度 > 24 µmol/L,细胞周期蛋白CDK4CDK6蛋白表达才出现明显降低,VEGFR2才被明显抑制,进一步提示Apatinib的作用具有浓度依赖性,较高浓度才能抑制VEGFR2的表达;Apatinib联合CCI-779处理NCI-H446细胞时,Apatinib在较低浓度就能降低CDK4CDK6蛋白表达,明显抑制VEGFR2,提示CCI-779联合Apatinib能够降低细胞周期蛋白的表达,增加ApatinibVEGFR2的抑制作用。 为了进一步研究Apatinib联合CCI-779NCI-H446细胞的作用,我们将实验分为对照组、CCI-779处理组、低浓度Apatinib(12 μmol/L、16 μmol/L)联合CCI-779处理组、高浓度Apatinib(28 μmol/L、32 μmol/L)联合CCI-779处理组,分别进行细胞周期实验、细胞凋亡实验以及细胞迁移实验。如图 4D所示,与对照组相比,CCI-779处理组、低浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组、高浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组均出现明显的G1期阻滞(P < 0.05)。如图 4E所示,对照组凋亡细胞占总细胞的比例为5.20%±0.65%,CCI-779处理组为4.26%±0.08%,低浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组分别为8.41%±0.43%、13.76%±0.26%,高浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组分别为29.96%±0.56%、38.34%±0.31%。与对照组相比,CCI-779处理组NCI-H446细胞凋亡无显著变化(P > 0.5),低浓度和高浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组NCI-H446细胞凋亡明显增加(P < 0.000, 1)。如图 4F所示,对照组细胞迁移个数为(275.60±9.72)个,CCI-779处理组为(108.40±7.83)个,低浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组分别为(71.30±5.33)个和0个,高浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组迁移到下室细胞数为0。与对照组相比,CCI-779处理组、低浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组和高浓度Apatinib联合CCI-779处理组显著抑制NCI-H446细胞迁移(P < 0.000, 1)。上述结果表明,Apatinib联合CCI-779能够增加NCI-H446细胞对Apatinib的敏感性,抑制NCI-H446细胞的增殖和迁移,导致细胞周期G1期阻滞,并诱导细胞凋亡。

讨论

SCLC是一种高侵袭、高致死率、易广泛转移的肺癌类型,大部分患者确诊时即已发生转移,可进行手术切除的SCLC患者比例低,仅有约5%的患者能够早期发现并完成手术治疗,而且手术治疗仅适用于临床分期I期(T1-2N0),并且纵隔淋巴结未被侵犯的局限期SCLC患者[。大部分患者需接受药物治疗,SCLC患者对化疗和放疗敏感,但易于复发并且出现耐药性,局限期患者化疗联合放疗后,5年生存率不到15%,而广泛期患者的2年生存率不到5%[,探索新的抗肿瘤药物成为提高SCLC疗效的重要途径之一。精准医学的发展促进了对肿瘤发生发展机制和分子生物学的理解,靶向治疗为NSCLC的治疗策略带来了翻天覆地的变化[,与此同时,对SCLC基因组学的研究也成为了当下的热点。VEGF信号通路中关键因子如VEGF、低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α)、VEGFR等在SCLC中均呈过表达状态, 与肿瘤细胞的增殖、转移、侵袭以及预后不良密切相关[。研究[表明,VEGF相关信号通路能够促进SCLC的生长及转移,且SCLC具有高度血管化的特点,提示靶向VEGF信号通路的药物可能改善SCLC的疗效。血管生成能够促进新生异常血管网的产生,改变肿瘤微环境,在肿瘤细胞的转移和生长过程中发挥着重要作用[。VEGF信号通路是血管生成的重要组成部分,靶向VEGF信号通路的抗血管生成药物可以抑制肿瘤新生血管生成,使现有的肿瘤血管退化,阻止肿瘤细胞摄取营养物质,从而持续抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和转移,最终达到抑制肿瘤生长的作用。 Apatinib是一种选择性抑制VEGFR-2的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,Apatinib在多种恶性肿瘤中疗效显著,但在SCLC中研究较少。Apatinib在三线及三线以上的SCLC治疗中有一定的效果。本研究通过体外试验进一步证实证实,ApatinibSCLC细胞株NCI-H446的作用具有浓度依赖性特征,高浓度Apatinib能够抑制NCI-H446细胞增殖和迁移,诱导细胞凋亡,且与mTOR抑制剂CCI-779联用能够提高NCI-H446细胞对Apatinib的敏感性,在较低浓度时便能抑制NCI-H446细胞增殖和迁移,导致细胞周期G1期阻滞,并诱导细胞凋亡。
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