Giovanni Vinetti1,2,3, Nicola F Lopomo2, Anna Taboni4, Nazzareno Fagoni1, Guido Ferretti1,4. 1. Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. 2. Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. 3. Corresponding author: Dr Giovanni Vinetti, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11-25123, Brescia, Italy, g.vinetti001@unibs.it. 4. Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergencies, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Measuring physiological parameters at depth is an emergent challenge for athletic training, diver's safety and biomedical research. Recent advances in wearable sensor technology made this challenge affordable; however, its impact on breath-hold diving has never been comprehensively discussed. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature in order to assess what types of sensors are available or suitable for human breath-hold diving, within the two-fold perspective of safety and athletic performance. RESULTS: In the 52 studies identified, sensed physiological variables were: electrocardiogram, body temperature, blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation, interstitial glucose concentration, impedance cardiography, heart rate, body segment inertia and orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Limits and potential of each technology are separately reviewed. Inertial sensor technology and transmission pulse oximetry could produce the greatest impact on breath-hold diving performances in the future. Copyright: This article is the copyright of the authors who grant Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine a non-exclusive licence to publish the article in electronic and other forms.
INTRODUCTION: Measuring physiological parameters at depth is an emergent challenge for athletic training, diver's safety and biomedical research. Recent advances in wearable sensor technology made this challenge affordable; however, its impact on breath-hold diving has never been comprehensively discussed. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature in order to assess what types of sensors are available or suitable for human breath-hold diving, within the two-fold perspective of safety and athletic performance. RESULTS: In the 52 studies identified, sensed physiological variables were: electrocardiogram, body temperature, blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation, interstitial glucose concentration, impedance cardiography, heart rate, body segment inertia and orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Limits and potential of each technology are separately reviewed. Inertial sensor technology and transmission pulse oximetry could produce the greatest impact on breath-hold diving performances in the future. Copyright: This article is the copyright of the authors who grant Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine a non-exclusive licence to publish the article in electronic and other forms.
Entities:
Keywords:
Computers; Equipment; Patient monitoring; Physiology; Telemetry; Training
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