Adequate supply of sulfur simultaneously enhances iron uptake and reduces cadmium accumulation in rice grown in hydroponic culture.

Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses serious risks to human health and the rice consumption is a major contribution to dietary intake of this toxic metal. In addition, Cd causes interference to iron (Fe) uptake by rice, leading to Fe deficiency, which is a common malnutrition worldwide. Sulfur (S) is essential for the rice yield and quality; however, the roles of S supply in the Cd and Fe absorption and distribution in rice have not been systematically investigated. Here, we conducted a hydroponic experiment to examine the effects of S application on the uptake and translocation of Cd and Fe in rice under Cd treatment (1.0 μM) combined with four S levels (0, 1.75, 3.5, 7.0 mM). Rice growth was suppressed by Cd but the toxicity was alleviated with S treatment, which also led to decline of Cd concentrations in rice roots, stems and leaves. In the case of low S (1.75 mM), the Fe plaque on the root surface did not decline in the presence of Cd, but it markedly decreased with the increase of S supply (3.5 and 7.0 mM). The Fe contents in rice roots and leaves consistently increased with the S provision regardless of Cd treatment. In addition, the Cd exposure and S supply significantly promoted syntheses of thiol molecules and nicotianamine (NA), but the NA levels in rice tissues decreased when the S addition reached 7.0 mM. Taken together, results of this study demonstrate that sufficient supply of S may augment Fe bioavailability and minimize Cd accumulation in rice under hydroponic conditions.