Florian Rosar1,2, Hans-Georg Buchholz3, Sebastian Michels3, Manuela A Hoffmann3, Markus Piel4, Christopher M Waldmann3, Frank Rösch4, Stefan Reuss3, Mathias Schreckenberger3. 1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. florian.rosar@uks.eu. 2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany. florian.rosar@uks.eu. 3. Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. 4. Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: 44Sc has been increasingly investigated as a potential alternative to 68Ga in the development of tracers for positron emission tomography (PET). The lower mean positron energy of 44Sc (0.63 MeV) compared to 68Ga (0.83 MeV) can result in better spatial image resolutions. However, high-energy γ-rays (1157 keV) are emitted at high rates (99.9%) during 44Sc decay, which can reduce image quality. Therefore, we investigated the impact of these physical properties and performed an unbiased performance evaluation of 44Sc and 68Ga with different imaging phantoms (image quality phantom, Derenzo phantom, and three-rod phantom) on two preclinical PET scanners (Mediso nanoScan PET/MRI, Siemens microPET Focus 120). RESULTS: Despite the presence of high-energy γ-rays in 44Sc decay, a higher image resolution of small structures was observed with 44Sc when compared to 68Ga. Structures as small as 1.3 mm using the Mediso system, and as small as 1.0 mm using the Siemens system, could be visualized and analyzed by calculating full width at half maximum. Full widths at half maxima were similar for both isotopes. For image quality comparison, we calculated recovery coefficients in 1-5 mm rods and spillover ratios in either air, water, or bone-equivalent material (Teflon). Recovery coefficients for 44Sc were significantly higher than those for 68Ga. Despite the lower positron energy, 44Sc-derived spillover ratio (SOR) values were similar or slightly higher to 68Ga-derived SOR values. This may be attributed to the higher background caused by the additional γ-rays. On the Siemens system, an overestimation of scatter correction in the central part of the phantom was observed causing a virtual disappearance of spillover inside the three-rod phantom. CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, 44Sc appears to be a suitable alternative to 68Ga. The superior image resolution makes it an especially strong competitor in preclinical settings. The additional γ-emissions have a small impact on the imaging resolution but cause higher background noises and can effect an overestimation of scatter correction, depending on the PET system and phantom.
BACKGROUND: 44Sc has been increasingly investigated as a potential alternative to 68Ga in the development of tracers for positron emission tomography (PET). The lower mean positron energy of 44Sc (0.63 MeV) compared to 68Ga (0.83 MeV) can result in better spatial image resolutions. However, high-energy γ-rays (1157 keV) are emitted at high rates (99.9%) during 44Sc decay, which can reduce image quality. Therefore, we investigated the impact of these physical properties and performed an unbiased performance evaluation of 44Sc and 68Ga with different imaging phantoms (image quality phantom, Derenzo phantom, and three-rod phantom) on two preclinical PET scanners (Mediso nanoScan PET/MRI, Siemens microPET Focus 120). RESULTS: Despite the presence of high-energy γ-rays in 44Sc decay, a higher image resolution of small structures was observed with 44Sc when compared to 68Ga. Structures as small as 1.3 mm using the Mediso system, and as small as 1.0 mm using the Siemens system, could be visualized and analyzed by calculating full width at half maximum. Full widths at half maxima were similar for both isotopes. For image quality comparison, we calculated recovery coefficients in 1-5 mm rods and spillover ratios in either air, water, or bone-equivalent material (Teflon). Recovery coefficients for 44Sc were significantly higher than those for 68Ga. Despite the lower positron energy, 44Sc-derived spillover ratio (SOR) values were similar or slightly higher to 68Ga-derived SOR values. This may be attributed to the higher background caused by the additional γ-rays. On the Siemens system, an overestimation of scatter correction in the central part of the phantom was observed causing a virtual disappearance of spillover inside the three-rod phantom. CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, 44Sc appears to be a suitable alternative to 68Ga. The superior image resolution makes it an especially strong competitor in preclinical settings. The additional γ-emissions have a small impact on the imaging resolution but cause higher background noises and can effect an overestimation of scatter correction, depending on the PET system and phantom.
Entities:
Keywords:
Image quality; Phantom study; Positron energy; Positron range; Resolution; Scandium-44; Small animal PET
Authors: Marion Chomet; Maxime Schreurs; Ricardo Vos; Mariska Verlaan; Esther J Kooijman; Alex J Poot; Ronald Boellaard; Albert D Windhorst; Guus Ams van Dongen; Danielle J Vugts; Marc C Huisman; Wissam Beaino Journal: EJNMMI Res Date: 2021-06-12 Impact factor: 3.138