Matthew Bakko1, Shanna K Kattari2. 1. School of Social Work, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. mbakko@umich.edu. 2. School of Social Work, Department of Women's Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Insurance-based denials are common barriers for transgender and non-binary individuals in accessing medically necessary gender-affirming care. Little is known about how experiences of transgender-related insurance denials may vary by insurance type. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the association between transgender and non-binary individuals' experiences of different forms of transgender-related insurance denials and insurance type. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: The 2015 United States Transgender Survey was conducted by the National Center for Transgender Equality to ascertain US transgender and non-binary experiences across multiple life experiences, including individual health status, health services access and utilization, and experiences with denials. MAIN MEASURES: Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted, and adjusted risk ratios were calculated, to analyze the likelihood of experiencing eight different forms of denials by insurance type, including private, Medicare, Medicaid, and military-related, and having multiple types of insurance coverage. KEY RESULTS: Models revealed significant relationships between transgender-related insurance denials and insurance type for 11,320 transgender and non-binary adults. Compared with those with private insurance, Medicaid coverage was associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing denials for hormone therapy (adjusted risk ratio (ARR) = 1.22; CI = 1.05-1.42; p = 0.02); having no in-network surgery providers was associated with Medicare (ARR = 1.84; CI = 1.29-2.62; p = 0.009) or Medicaid (ARR = 1.54; CI = 1.20-1.98; p = 0.003); and military-based insurance was associated with transition-related surgery denials (ARR = 1.53; CI = 1.36-1.72; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Researchers and practitioners must consider the link between type of insurance coverage and experiences with different forms of transgender-related insurance denial. These results provide continuing support for broad non-discrimination policy efforts, but also direct our attention to targeted insurance policy interventions by form of denial, which can promote equitable access for transgender and non-binary people across all healthcare needs.
BACKGROUND: Insurance-based denials are common barriers for transgender and non-binary individuals in accessing medically necessary gender-affirming care. Little is known about how experiences of transgender-related insurance denials may vary by insurance type. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the association between transgender and non-binary individuals' experiences of different forms of transgender-related insurance denials and insurance type. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: The 2015 United States Transgender Survey was conducted by the National Center for Transgender Equality to ascertain US transgender and non-binary experiences across multiple life experiences, including individual health status, health services access and utilization, and experiences with denials. MAIN MEASURES: Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted, and adjusted risk ratios were calculated, to analyze the likelihood of experiencing eight different forms of denials by insurance type, including private, Medicare, Medicaid, and military-related, and having multiple types of insurance coverage. KEY RESULTS: Models revealed significant relationships between transgender-related insurance denials and insurance type for 11,320 transgender and non-binary adults. Compared with those with private insurance, Medicaid coverage was associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing denials for hormone therapy (adjusted risk ratio (ARR) = 1.22; CI = 1.05-1.42; p = 0.02); having no in-network surgery providers was associated with Medicare (ARR = 1.84; CI = 1.29-2.62; p = 0.009) or Medicaid (ARR = 1.54; CI = 1.20-1.98; p = 0.003); and military-based insurance was associated with transition-related surgery denials (ARR = 1.53; CI = 1.36-1.72; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Researchers and practitioners must consider the link between type of insurance coverage and experiences with different forms of transgender-related insurance denial. These results provide continuing support for broad non-discrimination policy efforts, but also direct our attention to targeted insurance policy interventions by form of denial, which can promote equitable access for transgender and non-binary people across all healthcare needs.
Entities:
Keywords:
access to care; denials; discrimination; health insurance; transgender
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