The latest advances of cisplatin liposomal formulations: essentials for preparation and analysis.

Introduction: Cisplatin has been indicated for several malignancies all over the world for many years. Increasing patient tolerance for high dose of chemotherapeutics and reducing side effects has been granted by drug encapsulated liposomal systems. There have been much efforts for improving cisplatin delivery to the site of action via liposomes both in research and clinical trials such as SPI-077®, Liplacis®, and Lipoplatin®.Areas covered: In this review, we have discussed about cisplatin and its liposomal formulations, focusing on different preparation methods and analysis approaches such as atomic absorption, mass spectroscopy, UV, electrochemical methods, and emphasizing on HPLC as one of the accurate and specific methods for determination of cisplatin species and also measurement of total platinum by derivation.Expert opinion: Liposome of cisplatin has offered potential beneficial aspects over cisplatin formulation. However, there are several challenges in preparing and analysis of cisplatin liposomes due to cisplatin's great reactivity, formation of several species, high affinity to bioelements, insufficient release at the tumor site, and inefficient loading. Cisplatin resistance is another challenge which should be prevented by higher loading capacity. Charge-dependent interactions should also be highly considered especially in the preparation step.