Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial of prostate radiotherapy in high-risk and node-positive disease comparing moderate and extreme hypofractionation (PRIME TRIAL).

INTRODUCTION: There has been an interest in studying the efficacy of extreme hypofractionation in low and intermediate risk prostate cancer utilising the low alpha/beta ratio of prostate. Its role in high-risk and node-positive prostate cancer, however, is unknown. We hypothesise that a five-fraction schedule of extreme hypofractionation will be non-inferior to a moderately hypofractionated regimen over 5 weeks in efficacy and will have acceptable toxicity and quality of life while reducing the cost implications during treatment. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is an ongoing, non-inferiority, multicentre, randomised trial (NCT03561961) of two schedules for National Cancer Control Network high-risk and/or node-positive non-metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. The standard arm will be a schedule of 68 Gy/25# over 5 weeks while the test arm will be extremely hypofractionated radiotherapy with stereotactic body radiation therapy to 36.25 Gy/5# (7 to 10 days). The block randomisation will be stratified by nodal status (N0/N+), hormonal therapy (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone therapy/orchiectomy) and centre. All patients will receive daily image-guided radiotherapy.The primary end point is 4-year biochemical failure free survival (BFFS). The power calculations assume 4-year BFFS of 80% in the moderate hypofractionation arm. With a 5% one-sided significance and 80% power, a total of 434 patients will be randomised to both arms equally (217 in each arm). The secondary end points include overall survival, prostate cancer specific survival, acute and late toxicities, quality of life and out-of-pocket expenditure. DISCUSSION: The trial aims to establish a therapeutically efficacious and cost-efficient modality for high-risk and node-positive prostate cancer with an acceptable toxicity profile. Presently, this is the only trial evaluating and answering such a question in this cohort. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The trial has been approved by IEC-III of Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Registered with CTRI/2018/05/014054 (http://ctri.nic.in) on 24 May 2018. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

RCT Entities:   Population Interventions Outcomes

First study addressing the role of moderate hypofractionation and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in high-risk and node-positive prostate cancer.

Use of prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/CT for all patients at baseline for staging and risk adapted approach.

Out-of-pocket expenditure will be collected from all patients which will potentially have a huge impact on logistics and resource utilisation especially in low-middle-income country like India.

Non-inferiority margin between standard arm and test arm kept at 9%.

No published evidence for role of SBRT in node-positive prostate cancer in the literature.

Introduction

Incidence of high-risk/very high-risk prostate cancer is on a rising trend across the globe.1–4 Advanced prostate cancer accounts for 15% of all diagnosed prostate cancers in developed nations whereas in low and low-middle-income countries like India the proportion of advanced disease is estimated to be as high as 84%.5 Radiotherapy in the form of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and/or brachytherapy forms an integral part of management of these patients. Radiobiological studies have shown that prostate cancer has a low alpha/beta ratio in the range of 0.47 to 4.14.6 This makes hypofractionated radiotherapy radiobiologically superior than conventional fractionated (treatment time 7 to 8 weeks) schedules as it leads to a considerably higher biologically equivalent dose delivery. Prospective randomised trials have studied the safety and efficacy of moderate hypofractionation (treatment time 4 to 6 weeks) in prostate cancer and is now considered as the standard of care in low-risk and intermediate-risk prostate cancer.7 With the benefit shown with moderate hypofractionation, there has been a growing interest in the role of extreme hypofractionation in prostate cancer.

Extreme hypofractionation (treatment duration 7 to 10 days) with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has an emerging role as an alternative technique to deliver high-dose radiotherapy to the prostate comparable to brachytherapy, but with a non-invasive approach. However, the acute and late toxicities remain a concern with SBRT. Multiple single arm series on the use of SBRT as the primary treatment for prostate cancer have suggested the treatment to be safe but these studies have a majority of patients from low/intermediate risk group. The results of HYPO-RT-PC trial published recently supports the safety of SBRT in low-risk/intermediate-risk prostate cancer.8

The data with regards to extreme hypofractionation for high-risk prostate cancer is still sparse. Recently, the early toxicity and quality of life results of a phase I/II study of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy including regional lymph node irradiation in patients with high-risk prostate cancer (SATURN) has demonstrated the safety of SBRT for these patients.9 Similarly, a retrospective series of 68 patients reported from India reported equivalent toxicities as compared with moderate hypofractionation in this subset of patients.10

Extreme hypofractionation (SBRT) for a total duration of 7 to 10 days, would offer an opportunity to optimise the therapeutic ratio for the treatment of these tumours along with significantly decreasing the overall treatment time which in turn would lead to significantly better quality of life during treatment, early recommencement to daily activities while reducing the financial burden for these patients. We therefore initiated a randomised phase III trial to establish the non-inferiority of SBRT in high-risk and/or node-positive prostate cancer (NCT03561961).

Methods/design

Trial design

This is an ongoing, prospective, multicentre, two arm randomised control trial with a non-inferiority design led from a tertiary care cancer centre in India for high-risk node-negative and node-positive prostate cancer patients. Randomisation will be stratified by randomisation method in a 1:1 ratio.

Standard arm/moderate hypofractionation: Treatment duration, 5 weeks.

Test arm/extreme hypofractionation: Treatment duration, 7 to 10 days.

Stratification will be done for the following parameters:

Nodal status: N0 vs N+.

luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist/antagonists versus bilateral orchiectomy.

Centre.

The inclusion criteria for the trial will include patients who are older than 18 years with histologically proven adenocarcinoma prostate localised to prostate and pelvic nodes with high-risk/very high-risk disease as per National Cancer Control Network risk stratification (clinical stage T3a or Gleason score 8/Gleason grade group 4 or Gleason score 9 to 10/Gleason grade group 5, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) >20 ng/mL or very high-risk prostate cancer, that is, T3b/T4 or primary Gleason pattern 5/Gleason grade group 5 or >4 cores, Gleason score 8 to 10/Gleason grade group 4 or 5). All patients will be staged with a baseline prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT. In addition, the patients should be fit to receive long-term androgen deprivation therapy in the form of either orchiectomy/hormonal therapy (2 years) and have a baseline Karnofsky Performance Scale of more than equal to 70 (online supplementary appendix 1). The exclusion criteria for the trial includes a distant metastatic disease, a life expectancy of less than 2 years, patient’s with previous history of pelvic radiotherapy (RT), patients with severe urinary symptoms (International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) >15) despite being on hormone therapy for 6 months, patients with obstructive urinary symptoms like stricture, patients with contraindication to EBRT like pelvic inflammatory disease and patients with uncontrolled comorbidities (table 1).

Table 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Age: above 18 years Participants must be histologically proven, adenocarcinoma prostate Localised to the prostate or pelvic lymph nodes High-risk prostate cancer as per NCCN definition PSMA/PET CT for all patients at baseline for staging Ability to receive long-term hormone therapy (2 years)/ orchiectomy KPS >70 No prior history of therapeutic irradiation to pelvis Patient willing and reliable for follow-up Signed study specific consent form

Evidence of distant metastasis at any time since presentation Life expectancy <2 years Previous RT to prostate or prostatectomy Severe urinary symptoms or with severe IPSS score (>15) despite being on hormonal therapy for 6 months which in the opinion of the physician precludes RT Patients with known obstructive symptoms with stricture Any contraindication to radiotherapy like inflammatory bowel disease Uncontrolled comorbidities including, but not limited to diabetes or hypertension Unable to follow-up or poor logistic or social support

IPSS, International Prostate Symptom Score; KPS, Karnofsky Performance Scale; NCCN, National Cancer Control Network; PET, positron emission tomography; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; RT, radiotherapy.

Patient and public involvement

Patient/public were not involved in the research methodology of this ongoing study. All patients were given an informed consent form. Only after willingly consenting and understanding all the aspects of participation in the trial, patients were randomised to either of the two arms.

Baseline evaluation and radiotherapy details

The baseline evaluation would include standard workup for a locally advanced carcinoma prostate, that is, transrectal ultrasonography-guided 12 core biopsy and baseline serum PSA level. PSMA PET/CT will be used at baseline to stage all patients. Nodal involvement by disease will be defined as maximum standardised uptake value ≥3.0 irrespective of the size but based on morphological characteristics like shape, heterogeneity and perinodal stranding as determined by expert in uroradiology (PP) and nuclear imaging (VR, AA).

The duration of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) ranges from 8 to 12 weeks for node-negative patients and 6 months for node-positive patients. Preferably, all patients will have baseline documentation of quality of life (using European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 and PR25 questionnaire) and IPSS score at baseline as well as before starting EBRT.

In the standard arm, patients who are randomised to receive moderately hypofractionated RT will receive a total dose of 68 Gy in 25 fractions to the primary over 5 weeks, with treatment being delivered daily. Patients with node-positive disease will receive a dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions to the pelvis. Response assessment PSMA PET/CT will be done for all patients with pelvic nodal disease to ascertain the response to ADT based on morphology of the residual node and metabolic uptake as defined by the uroradiologist/nuclear medicine specialist. Patients with persistent residual nodal disease will be considered for nodal boost. Boost to gross nodal disease will be considered based on the response to hormonal therapy to a dose of 60 to 66 Gy in 25 fractions as a simultaneous integrated boost. An option of equivalent biological dose using 60 to 62.5 Gy in 20 fractions may be allowed for multicentric accrual in the future. In the test arm of study, patients who are scheduled to receive extreme hypofractionated RT (SBRT) will receive a course of five fractions of radiation; each fraction size will be 7.25 Gy. The total dose will be 36.25 Gy. Patients with node-positive disease will receive a dose of 25 Gy in five fractions to the pelvis. Boost to gross nodal disease will be considered based on the response to hormonal therapy to a dose of 30 to 35 Gy in five fractions as a simultaneous integrated boost. The five treatments will be scheduled to be delivered alternate day over approximately 7 to 10 days. An option of equivalent biological dose using 35 to 36.25 Gy in five weekly fractions may be allowed as per institutional practice for multicentric accrual in the future.

All patients will be treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy or related techniques (helical tomotherapy/volumetric modulated arc therapy) with daily image guidance in the form of kilovoltage-cone beam CT (KV-CBCT)/megavoltage CT. No intraprostatic fiducials will be used for image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). The contouring of gross tumour volume nodes, clinical target volume (CTV) primary and organs at risk will be done according to standard ESTRO ACROP guidelines.11 CTV nodes will be contoured by giving a radial margin of 5 to 7 mm around the common iliac, external iliac, internal iliac, presacral and the obturator vessels and editing from muscles and bones. The cranial extent of CTV nodes will be at the level of L5–S1 vertebra and the caudal extent will be at the level obturator nodes. For patients without seminal vesicle involvement only 1.5 cm of the base of seminal vesicles will be included in CTV primary whereas the entire seminal vesicle will be included in the CTV primary in patients with radiological involvement of seminal vesicle. A planning target volume (PTV) margins of 5 mm will be given around the entire CTV primary (including seminal vesicles) and CTV nodes to delineate PTV primary and PTV nodes, respectively. The dose volume constraints for the target volume will include a CTV D98 of 98% (both primary and nodes) and a PTV D98 of 95% (both primary and nodes). These contouring guidelines and dose constraints are in accordance with the retrospective series of SBRT for high-risk and/or node-positive prostate cancer published from the same institute.10 12

The dose volume constraints for organs at risk is given in tables 2 and 3.

Assessment/follow-up

Patients will continue (LHRH agonist/antagonist) during radiotherapy. All patients will be monitored during radiotherapy and at every follow-up for acute/late toxicities using Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) 4.03 toxicity grading scales (online supplementary appendix 2–4). In addition, out-of-pocket expenditure (online supplementary appendix 5) of the patient and caregiver for food, travel, stay and for management of treatment related side effects will be captured using a structured record form along with quality of life score, IPSS score and urinary function. All patients will be followed up after 4 to 6 weeks of completion of radiotherapy and then at 3 to 6 monthly intervals until 2 years and 6 monthly intervals thereafter. Patients will continue LHRH agonists/antagonist after completion of radiotherapy to complete a total duration of 2 years. Clinical evaluation of the disease will be done at each follow-up visit with a serum PSA and clinical examination. Any other investigation will be done at the physician’s discretion.

Statistics

The primary end point of this study will be 4-year biochemical failure free survival (BFFS) which will be defined as the time (in months) from the date of randomisation to the date of biochemical failure as per Phoenix Criteria (a rise in PSA level of more than 2 ng/mL above the nadir). This is a non-inferiority trial and the non-inferiority margin between the standard and the test arms is 9% (delta). To detect this delta difference in the primary end point of a 4-year BFFS (80% in standard arm and 71% in the test arm; HR 1.53), with a power of 80% and a one-sided 5% alpha value, total of 135 events are required, with a minimum number of 422 patients. The assumption of 80% BFFS in the standard arm was based on the results of similar studies of high-risk node-negative cancer studies (STAMPEDE, James ND et al JAMA oncology 2016 and PRO 7, J Clin Oncol 2015) and our own data (unpublished) which showed a 5 year BFFS of about 85%. As this study is recruiting high-risk and node-positive patients also, the upper limit of 80% was chosen. Non-inferiority of extreme hypofractionation with SBRT (test arm) versus moderate hypofractionated RT (standard arm) will be concluded if the upper limit of the estimated 95% one-sided CI of the HR obtained lies entirely below 1.53. If the upper limit of the 95% one-sided CI is 1.53 or higher, we do not reject the null hypothesis of inferiority. The trial will accrue patients over a period of 6 years and all patients will be followed until the end of study. Considering an attrition rate of around 5%, the trial would require a total of 434 patients (217 in each arm). The primary efficacy analysis will be on both intention-to-treat basis and per-protocol basis.

The secondary end points for the study will be evaluation of the acute and late toxicities (according to RTOG and CTCAE criterion), ascertaining the overall survival and prostate cancer specific survival for these patients, estimation of out-of-pocket expenditure involved in patients receiving the two treatment schedules and assessment of pre-treatment and post-treatment quality of life of these patients. For this study, overall survival and prostate cancer specific survival will be defined as time in months between date of randomisation and date of death due to any cause or date of death due to prostate cancer, respectively.

A planned interim analyses will be done on accrual of 25% (108 patients in both arms combined) patients completing 2 years of follow-up. At the interim analysis, the p value from the X2 or Fisher's exact test assessing treatment efficacy with respect to grade III or higher combined gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) RTOG toxicity will be compared in the two arms at one-sided alpha of 2.5% and a power of 80%. If the computed p value is less than or equal to 0.025, then accrual to the trial will be discussed with the Data Safety and Monitoring Committee for stopping (if applicable). Otherwise, accrual to the trial or follow-up (as applicable) will continue until the planned sample size (n=434). We expect 80 patients to be accrued per year in the project with total study duration of about 6 years, with a non-fixed follow-up period and a uniform accrual rate.

Quality assurance

Radiation therapy quality assurance in the setting of a multi-institutional clinical trial has been shown to have a very important bearing on outcomes. The US National Cancer Institute Work Group on Radiotherapy Quality Assurance has laid down guidelines that help individual trials lay down their quality assurance (QA) protocol (Bekelman et al 2012).13 The PRIME trial will use these guidelines to formulate a trial specific protocol as outlined below.

Tiered system for radiotherapy trial QA

Tier 1 includes general credentialing which comprises of filling a facility questionnaire outlining machine-specific and patient-specific QA process.

Tier 2 is a trial specific credentialing consists of a dry run process with oncologists and physicists familiarising themselves with the contouring protocol and advanced dosimetry checks with multiple plan generation to meet trial constraints.

Tier 3 is an individualised case review of dosimetry and QA data sheet reviewed every monthly in virtual QA meet.

Discussion

The efficacy of SBRT for prostate cancer is supported by a radiobiological basis as well as phase 1 and phase 2 single arm studies. Several single arm series have established the efficacy and safety of SBRT for low-risk and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. The results of ongoing phase 3 trials comparing extreme hypofractionation to moderate hypofractionation/conventional fractionation are awaited. (table 4). The major concern with SBRT is the impact on acute and late toxicities of the patients. The HYPO-RT-PC trial accrued 1200 intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients (T1c to T3a, PSA PSA >10) and tested conventionally fractionated RT against extreme hypofractionation. Preliminary results show no significant differences in the prevalence of physician reported grade 2+ toxicity at 2 years between the two arms for urinary (5.4% vs 4.6%, p=0.59) and bowel (2.2% vs 3.7%, p=0.20) toxicity.8

Table 4

Phase 3 trials of SBRT in prostate cancer

	NRG-GU 005	Pace A andPace B16	Hypofractionated RT in prostate cancer	HYPO-RT-PC8	Patriot15	Prime
Trial ID	NCT 03367702	NCT 01584258	NCT 01764646	ISRCTN45905321	NCT01423474	NCT03561961
Study/group	NRG Oncology	Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust	Geneva, Switzerland	Scandinavia	Canada	Tata Memorial Hospital, India
Stage/eligibility	cT1c or T2a/b (limited to one side of the gland); (AJCC, V.7) or cT1a-c or 2a /2b, stage group IIA or IIB; (AJCC, V.8). Excludes: Definitive T3 on MRI	Low risk: cT1-T2a and Gleason ≤6 and PSA <10 ng/mL, orintermediate risk:Clinical stage T2b or T2c, PSA 10–20 ng/mL or Gleason 3+4. Excludes: ≥T3 stage, Gleason ≥ 4+3 and patients with life expectancy < 5 years	cT1c - cT3a disease with a low risk of nodal metastases(≤20%, Roach Index)	T1c - T3a with one or two of the following risk factors:T3a or Gleason >7, PSA >10 according to the TNM classification system UICC 2002, PSA <20 µg/L	Low or intermediate riskT1-2b,Gleason </=7,PSA <20 ng/mL	High-risk, very high-risk and node-positive prostate cancer as per NCCN definition:T3a-T4 orGleason score 8/grade group 4 or Gleason score 9/grade group 5 orprimary Gleason pattern 5 orPSA >20 ng/mL
Target accrual	606	1716	170	1200	152	434
Interventions	SBRT (36.25 Gy in five fractions over 12 days) versusmoderate hypofractionation (70 Gy in 28 fractions over less than 32 business days.)	PACE A:SBRT (36.25 Gy in five fractions) versusradical prostatectomyPACE B:SBRT (36.25 Gy in five fractions) versusconventional fractionation (78 Gy in 39 fractions)	SBRT (36.25 Gy in five fractions) every other day over 9 days versusSBRT (36.25 Gy in five fractions) once a week over 28 days	SBRT (42.7 Gy in seven fractions alternate day over 2.5 weeks) versusconventional fractionation(78 Gy in 39 fractions over 8 weeks)	SBRT (40 Gy in five fractions) every other day over 11 days versusSBRT (40 Gy in five fractions) once a week over 29 days	SBRT: 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions over 7–10 days;(node-positive disease - 25 Gy in five fractions) versusmoderate hypofractionation: 68 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks;(node-positive disease – 50 Gy in 25 fractions)
Primary end point	Composite end point of DFSand EPIC-26 urinary and bowel toxicity at 2 years	PACE A:QOL and EPIC score at 2 yearsPACE B:Biochemical/clinical failure at 5 years	Acute and late urinary, rectal and sexual toxicity at 5 years(CTCAE 3.0)	Freedom from failure (PSA or any clinical), measured 5 years after the end of treatment	EPIC measured bowel related QOL	Biochemical failure free survival at 4 years
Estimated accrual completion	December 2025	September 2021	Accrual completed	Accrual completed	October 2020	March 2024

AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; CTCAE, Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events; DFS, Disease Free Survival; EPIC, Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite; GU, genitourinary; NCCN, National Cancer Control Network; NHS, National Health Service; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; QOL, quality of life; RT, radiotherapy; SBRT, stereotactic body radiation therapy; TNM, Tumor Node Metastasis.

The reports for SBRT as monotherapy for high-risk disease are limited as most contemporary series have included very few high-risk prostate cancers (table 5). The dose per fraction given in these series range from 7 to 8 Gy in four to fix fractions given over 7 to 14 days. The toxicities and outcomes are comparable to that expected with moderate hypofraction schedules with the GI and GU RTOG ≥2 late toxicities ranging from 2% to 14%.

Table 5

Published series of SBRT in high-risk prostate cancer

Author, year, origin	No. of high-risk patients	HR definition	Dose	Median FU (y)	ADT/duration	Acute GU	Acute GI	Late GU	Late GI	Outcomes
Kang 2017Korea17	52	D'Amico	7-7.25 Gy x 5,	7	55% patients/NS	NS	NS	G2 - 5.1%, G3 - 3%	G2 - 7.1%	8-y bDFS: 61.3%
King 2013, USA18	125	D'Amico	7–8 Gy x 5	3	38% high risk patients/4 months	NS	NS	NS	NS	5-y bDFS: 81%
Davis 2015, Radiosurgery Society19	33	NCCN 2015	7–9.5 Gy x 4–5	1.6	15 high risk patients received ADT/NS	NS	NS	G2 - 8%	G2 - 2%	2-y bDFS: 90% but with PSA >20 ng/mL: 62.5%
Ricco 2016, USA20	32	NCCN 2015	7–7.5 Gy x 5	4.1	27% of all SBRT patients/NS	NS	NS	No G3 GU/GI toxicity		6-y bDFS for SBRT: 92%. 4-y bDFS for HR and VHR: 95% and 72%
Katz 2016, USA21	38	NCCN 1.2016	7–7.25 Gy x 5	7	Yes/NS	G2 -<5%	G2 -<5%	G2 - 9%	G2 - 4%; G3 - 1.7%	8-y bDFS: 65% for HR. Favourable unfavourable intermediate 7-y bDFS ~93% and 68%
Koskela 2017, Finland22	111	D'Amico	7–7.25 Gy x 5	2	88.3% high risk/48% of high risk patients ADT >24 months	No acute G3 toxicity		Intermediate GU % GI - 1.8%–0.9%		23-mo bDFS: 92.8%
V Murthy 2018, India10	68	NCCN37 (54%) patients were N1	7–7.25 Gy x 5	1.5	Median duration - 15 months	G2 – 12%;	G2 – 4%	G2 - 4.5%;G3 – 2%	G2 – 4%	18-mo bDFS: 94%

ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; bDFS, biochemical disease free survival; GI, gastrointestinal; GU, genitourinary; HR, high risk; mo, months; NCCN, National Cancer Control Network; NS, not specified; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; SBRT, stereotactic body radiation therapy; VHR, very high risk; y, years.

FASTR is a phase 1 feasibility study for SBRT for node-positive disease which delivered a dose of 25 Gy to pelvic nodes and 40 Gy to primary over a period of 5 weeks (once weekly fractionation). Nine out of the 15 patients accrued (60%) developed ≥Gr (grade) 2 GI or GU toxicity at 6 months and 4 (30%) ≥Gr 3 GI or GU toxicity at 6 months. The study was terminated before phase 2 in view of the higher toxicities.14 Another single arm study (SATURN) evaluated a similar protocol with a dose of 25 Gy to pelvic nodes and seminal vesicle, 40 Gy as simultaneous integrated boost to the prostate and 33.25 Gy to the prostate PTV delivered over a period of 5 weeks in five once weekly fractions. The authors reported a Gr 2 GU toxicity of 52% (baseline 30%) and 32 % GI toxicity (baseline 3.3%) at 6 months. No grade 3 toxicities were reported. The authors attributed the lesser toxicity of this study as compared with the FASTR protocol to the lesser dose prescription to the prostate PTV (40 vs 33.25 Gy), the lesser PTV margins (5 mm vs 3 mm), smaller CTV volumes and better image guidance in SATURN protocol.9

In the present trial, the dose to primary PTV will be 36.25 Gy in five fractions, which is between those given in FASTR and SATURN trials. The efficacy and safety of such a dosing schedule has already been published as a single arm retrospective series from India with an 18-month biochemical disease free survival of 94% and incidence of ≥Gr 3 late GU and GI toxicity of 3% and 0%, respectively. In addition, the PTV margins are 5 mm which again has been shown to adequate with daily CBCT based IGRT.15

This trial aims to establish a therapeutically efficacious and cost-efficient modality for high-risk, very high-risk and node-positive prostate cancer which is likely to be a big public health problem in low-income/low-middle-income countries in the coming decade. Presently, this is the only trial evaluating and answering such a question in this cohort.

Table 2

Dose constraints with moderate hypofractionation in arm 1 (standard arm)

OrganEQD2 α/β 3		V30(25.2 Gy)	V40(36.8 Gy)	V50(50 Gy)	V60(64.8 Gy)	V65(72.8 Gy)
Bladder	N+	<60%	<40%	<25%	<15%	<3%
	N-	<25%	<20%	<14%	<10%	<3%
Rectum	N+	<75%	<50%	<25%	<15%	<5%
	N-	<45%	<30%	<20%	<15%	<5%
Bowel (cc)				80 cc

EQD2, Equivalent dose at 2Gy per fraction.

Table 3

Dose constraints with extreme hypofractionation/stereotactic body radiation therapy in arm 2 (experimental arm)

OrganEQD2 α/β 3		V14(16.2 Gy)	V17.5(22.8 Gy)	V28(48.2 Gy)	V31.5(58.6 Gy)	V35(70 Gy)
Bladder	N+	<40%	<27%	<20%	–	<3%
	N-	<35%	<20%	<10%	–	<3%
Rectum	N+	<50%	<40%	<15%	<8%	<3%
	N-	<40%	<30%	<15%	<8%	<3%
Femoral heads		<5%
Bowel (cc)				80 cc

EQD2, Equivalent dose at 2Gy per fraction.