DXA in Children and Adolescents.

DXA plays a critical role in assessing skeletal health and disease, as well as, fat and muscle status in children and adolescents. Quality DXA requires training, expertise and attention to details, as in adults, but there are key differences in performing and interpretations in children. These include choice of measurement site, skills required, reference data and software, and considerations for indications and underlying disorders to facilitate correct interpretation. The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) has been pivotal in establishing official positions and training for people who are interested in performing or interpreting such examinations, and guiding clinicians who may request such studies. However training in the performance and interpretation of scans of individuals with more complex needs falls outside the scope of this review, and consideration should be given to refer such examinations to a specialist pediatric DXA unit. Others may be scanned and reported by those with expertise in densitometry, as long as due diligence is paid to standard quality procedures, as well as knowledge of the special circumstances and training required for this field. In this invited review we outline some of these considerations, highlight key messages, and provide some appropriate references to help guide clinicians, technologists and scientists involved or interested in DXA use in children and adolescents.