Emergence of β-rhizobia as new root nodulating bacteria in legumes and current status of the legume-rhizobium host specificity dogma.

Recent developments in the legume rhizobium symbiotic interaction particularly those related to the emergence of novel strains of bacteria that nodulate and fix nitrogen in legumes is gaining momentum. These novel strains of bacteria were mostly isolated from the root nodules of indigenous and invasive legumes belonging to the sub families Papilionoideae and Mimosoideae in South Africa, South America and South East China. These rhizobia are phylogenetically and taxonomically different from the traditional 'alpha rhizobia' and are termed 'β-rhizobia' as they belong to the β-sub class of Proteobacteria. There are also new reports of novel species of root nodulating bacteria from the α-Proteobacteria, not known for several decades since the discovery of rhizobia. However, in this review focus is given to the emerging β-rhizobia isolated from the indigenous Papilionoid legumes in the Cape Floristic regions in South Africa and the indigenous and invasive Mimosoid legumes in South America and South East Asia respectively. The nodulation of the indigenous South African Papilionoid legumes including that of Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) is discussed in a bit detail. Previous reports indicated that A. linearis is very specific in its rhizobium requirement and was reported to be nodulated by the slow growing Bradyrhizobium spp. This review however summarizes that the bacteria associated with the root nodules of A. linearis belong to members of both the alpha (α) Proteobacteria that include Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium spp. and the beta (β) Proteobacteria represented by the genus Burkholderia (now reclassified as Paraburkholderia). In addition, the occurrence of Paraburkholderia as the newly emerging root nodule symbionts of various other legumes has been discussed. In doing so, the review highlights that nodulation is no longer restricted to the traditional 'rhizobia' group following the emergence of the new beta rhizobia as potential nodulators of various indigenous legumes. It thus provides some insights on the status of the legume-rhizobium host specificity concept and the loss of this specificity in several symbiotic associations that puts the long held dogma of host specificity of the legume rhizobium symbiosis in a dilemma.