A first checklist of macrofungi for South Africa.

Macrofungi are considered as organisms that form large fruiting bodies above or below the ground that are visible without the aid of a microscope. These fungi include most basidiomycetes and a small number of ascomycetes. Macrofungi have different ecological roles and uses, where some are edible, medicinal, poisonous, decomposers, saprotrophs, predators and pathogens, and they are often used for innovative biotechnological, medicinal and ecological applications. However, comprehensive checklists, and compilations on the diversity and distribution of mushrooms are lacking for South Africa, which makes regulation, conservation and inclusion in national biodiversity initiatives difficult. In this review, we compiled a checklist of macrofungi for the first time (excluding lichens). Data were compiled based on available literature in journals, books and fungorium records from the National Collection of Fungi. Even if the list is not complete due to numerous unreported species present in South Africa, it still represents an overview of the current knowledge of the macromycetes of South Africa. The list of names enables the assessment of gaps in collections and knowledge on the fungal biodiversity of South Africa, and downstream applications such as defining residency status of species. It provides a foundation for new names to be added in future towards developing a list that will be as complete as possible, and that can be used by a wide audience including scientists, authorities and the public. Tonjock Rosemary Kinge, Gary Goldman, Adriaana Jacobs, George Gatere Ndiritu, Marieka Gryzenhout.

Introduction

Macrofungi are fungi that form large fructifications visible without the aid of the microscope and include representatives from the and (Roda 2010; Servi et al. 2010). Common names used to refer to these fungi include mushrooms, toadstools, cup fungi, gilled fungi, jelly fungi, coral fungi, stink fungi, bracket fungi, polypores, puffballs, earth starts, truffles, and birds nest fungi (Egbe et al. 2013) and illustrates the visibility of these fungi to the public. Ecologically, macrofungi can be grouped as saprobes, parasites and symbiotic species (for instance mycorrhiza). Most terrestrial macrofungi are saprobes or mycorrhizal symbionts, but some are pathogens of plants or fungi, while those fruiting on woody substrates are usually either saprobes or plant pathogens (Mueller et al. 2007; Maria and Tzenka 2014).

Many macrofungi are edible and rich sources of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals for humans (Ananbeh 2003; Gençcelep et al. 2009). They can be naturally harvested or cultivated commercially. For rural communities they serve as a source of protein and income, especially for women. Macrofungi have great bio-exploitation potential in medicine or industry such as in the production of penicillin, lovastatin, and other globally significant medicines, and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential (Hyde et al. 2019). Mushrooms and other types of macrofungi can grow on decayed organic matters rich in lignin, cellulose, and other complicated carbohydrates, breaking them down for other uses or for bioremediation purposes (Kulshrestha et al. 2014). Modern pharmacological research confirms that large parts of traditional knowledge regarding the medicinal effects of macrofungi are due to proven antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral or other medicinal properties, besides being used as functional foods (Wani et al. 2010). For instance, some of the best known substances present in fungi showing pharmacological properties (especially anticancer and immunological) are polysaccharides (Wasser 2002; Mordali et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2007; Hyde et al. 2019). Polysaccharides or polysaccharide-protein complexes present in fungi have gained the attention of researchers because it is believed that they can inhibit tumor growth and boost the immune system of the organism. They can enhance host defensive potential or represent biological response modifiers (Leung et al. 2006; Mordali et al. 2007). However, regulation of fungal bio-exploration and research in South Africa is hampered by the absence of biodiversity knowledge.

The fruiting bodies of slime molds or myxomycetes are occasionally observed together with those of macrofungi. The first species was described in 1654 by naturalist Thomas Panckow, who thought it was a species of fungi because of its resemblance to puffballs (Martin and Alexopoulos 1969). Slime molds have two major stages in their lifecycles: a mobile trophic (feeding) and a static fruiting body (reproductive) stage. Modern classifications place them in the Mycetozoan group of (Baudalf 2008; Fiore-Donno et al. 2010). As bacterivores, slime molds are major components of decomposition and nutrient cycles where they enhance release of nutrients tied up in the microbial biomass (Stephenson and Feest 2015). It is estimated that myxomycete amoebas alone represent more than 50% of the total amoebae for some agricultural soils (Feest and Campbell 1986). Recent studies suggest that more attention should be placed on the use of slime molds as indicators of soil quality.

A small percentage of the 2.2 to 3.8 million species of fungi estimated in the world are currently described and these are mostly in temperate regions (Hawksworth and Lücking 2017). The tropical regions with the highest fungal diversity have not been fully explored (Hawksworth 2001). The reasons for this disparity, even in First World countries, are taxonomic obstacles that are worsened by a paucity of trained mycologists and especially systematists. The low number of published, rigorous, long-term studies on fungal biodiversity also prevents conclusive answers (Mueller et al. 2007). Not even basic questions, such as those related to the number of macrofungal or slime mold species at a specific location, or whether such diversity is greater in one type of forest than in another, can often be answered.

Despite the importance of macrofungi, information on their diversity is scanty, especially in Africa (Osarenkhoe et al. 2014). Thus, due to the lack of human capacities, national monographs of biodiversity in many African countries rarely encompass fungi. This leads to an unfortunate bias in the complete assessment of biodiversity, the unawareness by the public and decision makers of fungi as important components of ecosystem functioning, and frustration from end users at the lack of information (Gryzenhout et al. 2012). Regulation of fungal natural resources and quarantine is thus severely impeded by the lack of lists and information readily available. Not surprisingly, the fungal biodiversity in southern Africa has been relatively poorly studied to date, and no host has been thoroughly treated (Crous et al. 2006; Gryzenhout et al. 2010, 2012). A working checklist will be greatly beneficial to illustrate strengths and gaps in our fungal biodiversity knowledge in South Africa, and will be useful for regulatory authorities.

To address the lack of basic information for macrofungi in South Africa, the aim of this review was to compile a macrofungal and slime mold names list based on current knowledge and resources. We defined macrofungi as having spore-bearing structures visible to the naked eye (mushrooms, brackets, puffballs, false-truffles, cup fungi, etc.). Since slime molds are also readily observed by the public and perceived as fungi (although they do not reside in the kingdom of ), known slime molds from South Africa were also included. Lichens (structures formed by fungi living in close association with algae and cyanobacteria) were excluded from this review because they represent another ill-studied group without solid supportive capacity, but lichen species should be added in future.

Materials and methods

The species list was compiled from journal and book publications, and national fungorium records. It is not based on field observations. It is hosted on the website www.themycologyblog.com, which is live and can continuously be refined, expanded and updated. The species list is incorporated by the online resource Cybertruffle’s (http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/) and the database of the National Collection of of South Africa (http://www.arc.agric.za/arc-ppri/Pages/Biosystematics/Mycology%20Unit%20(Fungi)/Mycology-National-Collection-of-Fungi.aspx).

Results

The macrofungal checklist compiled in this review (Table 1) presents the first national list for macrofungi and slime molds in South Africa. It includes macrofungal and slime mold species names from previous field guides, other publications, as well as names obtained from the National Collection of ’s PREM fungorium (based on 3597 records), hosted by the Plant Health and Protection (http://www.arc.agric.za/arc-ppri/Pages/ARC-PPRI-Homepage), Agricultural Research Council, South Africa (Table 1). Myxomycete records include 107 species. In total, the South African checklist presented here includes 1160 species, 307 genera and 95 families.

Table 1.

Checklist of macrofungi and myxomycetes from South Africa.

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Fungarium	Field guides	Previous publications (if not in field guides)
Fungi	Ascomycota	Leotiomycetes	Helotiales	Chlorociboriaceae	Chlorociboria	aeruginosa	(Nyl.) Kanouse ex C.S. Ramamurthi, Korf & L.R. Batra		Yes
		Pezizomycetes	Pezizales	Helvellaceae	Paxina	leucomelas	(Pers.) Kuntze		Yes
					Helvella	crispa	(Scop.) Fr.		Yes
						lacunosa	Afzel.		Yes
				Morchellaceae	Morchella	conica	Krombh.	PREM	Yes
						elata	Fr.		Yes
						hybrida	Pers.	PREM
				Pezizaceae	Kalaharituber	pfeilii	(Henn.) Trappe & Kagan-Zur		Yes
					Peziza	ammophila	Saut.		Yes
						dehnii	Rabenh.	PREM
						hortensis	P. Crouan & H. Crouan	PREM
						macropus	Schumach.	PREM
						nilgherrensis	Cooke	PREM
						ostracoderma	Korf	PREM
						repanda	Pers.	PREM
						silvestris	(Boud.) Sacc. & Traverso	PREM
						spissa	Berk.	PREM
						subrepanda	Cooke & W. Phillips	PREM
						vesiculosa	Bull.	PREM
					Pseudohelotium	pineti	(Batsch) Fuckel	PREM
					Terfezia	austroafricana	Marasas & Trappe			Marasas and Trappe 1973
						bourdieri	Chatin		Yes
						claveryi	Chatin		Yes
				Pyrenomataceae	Anthracobia	melaloma	(Alb. & Schwein.) Arnould		Yes
					Isaria	psychidae	Pole-Evans	PREM
						sinclairii	(Berk.) Lloyd		Yes
					Scutellinia	badio-berbis	(Berk. ex Cooke) Kuntze.	PREM
						margaritacea	(Berk. ex Cooke) Kuntze.	PREM
						phlyctispora	(Lepr. and Mont.)	PREM
						scutellata	(L.) Lamb.	PREM	Yes
				Rhizinaceae	Rhizina	undulata	Fr.		Yes
				Sarcoscyphaceae	Phillipsia	kermesina	Kalchbr. & Cooke			Kalchbrenner and Cooke 1880
				Tuberaceae	Tuber	aestivum	(Wulfen) Spreng	PREM
						melanosporum	Vittad.		Yes
					Choiromyces	echinulatus	Trappe & Marasas			Trappe and Marasas 1973
		Sordariomycetes	Hypocreales	Cordycipitaceae	Cordyceps	velutipes	Massee			Massee 1895
Fungi	Ascomycota	Sordariomycetes	Xylariales	Xylariaceae	Daldinia	concentrica	(Bolton) Ces. & De Not.		Yes
					Poronia	oedipus	(Mont.) Mont.		Yes
					Xylaria	longipes	Nitschke		Yes
						hypoxylon	L. (Grev.)		Yes
						polymorpha	(Pers.) Grev.		Yes
						schreuderiana	Van der Byl			Van der Byl 1932
						stilboidea	Kalchbr. & Cooke			Kalchbrenner and Cooke 1880
					Penzigia	verrucosa	Mill			Miller 1942
	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Agaricaceae	Agaricus	actiniceps	Kalchbr. & Cooke			Kalchbrenner and Cooke 1881
						abruptibulbus	Peck	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						alboargillascens	(A. Pearson) Bon
						alveolatus	Kalchbr.			Kalchbrenner 1881
						arvensis	Schaeff.	PREM	Yes
						augustus	Fr.	PREM	Yes
						aures	(Massee) F.M. Bailey	PREM
						bisporus	(J.E. Lange) Imbach	PREM	Yes
						bitorquis	(Quél.) Sacc.	PREM	Yes
						caliginosus	Jungh.	PREM
						campestris	L.	PREM	Yes
						chortophilus	Berk.			Berkeley 1843
						comtulus	Ces. ex Mussat	PREM	Yes
						crocopeplus	Berk. & Broome		Yes
						diminutivus	Peck		Yes
						episphaeria	Berk.			Berkeley 1846
						griseovinaceus	A. Pearson ex Pegler			Pearson 1996
						inandae	Cooke			Cooke 1890
						montagnei	Kalchbr.	PREM	Yes
						nobilis	(A. Pearson) Heinem.	PREM	Yes
						papilionaceus	Bull.	PREM
						paurophyllus	Berk.			Berkeley 1876
						peroxydatus	Berk.			Berkeley 1843
						placomyces	Peck	PREM	Yes
						pleropus	Kalchbr. & MacOwan	PREM
						pogonatus	Kalchbr.			Kalchbrenner 1881
						purpurellus	(F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						sagittiformis	Kalchbr. & Cooke			Kalchbrenner and Cooke 1881
						semotus	Fr.	PREM	Yes
						separatus	L.	PREM
						silvaticus	Schaeff.	PREM	Yes
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Agaricaceae	Agaricus	silvicola	(Vittad.) Peck		Yes
						sulphurellus	Kalchbr. & Cooke	PREM
						trisulphuratus	Berk.	PREM	Yes
						umbellifer var. cinnabarinus	Berk.			Berkeley 1843
						xanthodermus	Genev.	PREM	Yes
						xanthodermus var. griseus	(A. Pearson) Bon & Cappelli	PREM
						xanthodermus var. lepiotoides	Maire		Yes
						xanthodermus var. meleagrioides	(A. Pearson) Bon & Cappelli		Yes
					Arachnion	alborosella	Verwoerd	PREM
						album	Schwein.	PREM
						firmoderma	Verwoerd	PREM
						scleroderma	C.G. Loyd	PREM
					Battarrea	levispora	Massee	PREM
						lycoperdon	(Dicks.) Pers.	PREM
						phalloides	(Dicks.) Pers.	PREM	Yes	As Battarrea stevenii
						tepperiana	F. Ludw.	PREM
					Battarreoides	diguetii	(Pat. & Har.) R. Heim & T. Herrera	PREM
					Bovista	acocksii	De Villiers, Eicker & Van der Westh.			De Villiers et al. 1989
						capensis	(Fr.) J.C. Coetzee & A.E. van Wyk			Coetzee & Van Wyk 2005
						juglandiformis	Berk. ex Massee			Massee 1888
						lilacina	Mont. & Berk.	PREM
						promontorii	Kreisel			Kreisel 1967
						umbrina	Bottomley			Bottomley 1948
					Calvatia	caelata	(Bull.) Morgan	PREM
						candida	(Rostk.) Hollós	PREM
						capensis	(Lloyd) J.C. Coetzee, Eicker & A.E. van Wyk	PREM
						cyathiformis	(Bosc) Morgan	PREM
						flava	(Massee) Kreisel	PREM
						gigantea	(Batsch) Lloyd	PREM
						incerta	Bottomley			Bottomley 1948
						lepidophora	(Ellis & Everh.) Coker & Couch	PREM
						lilacina	(Mont. & Berk.) Henn.	PREM	Yes
						rubroflava	(Cragin) Lloyd	PREM
					Chlamydopus	meyenianus	(Klotzsch) Lloyd	PREM
					Chlorophyllum	molybdites	(G. Mey.) Massee	PREM	Yes
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Agaricaceae	Chlorophyllum	africanum	Z.W. Ge & A. Jacobs	PREM		Ge et al. 2018
						palaeotropicum	Z.W. Ge & A. Jacobs	PREM		Ge et al. 2018
					Coniolepiota	spongodes	(Berk. & Broome) Vellinga		Yes
					Coprinellus	curtus	(Kalchbr.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson	PREM
						disseminatus	(Pers.) J.E. Lange		Yes
						domesticus	(Bolton) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson		Yes
						ephemerus	(Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo	PREM
						heptemerus	(M. Lange & A.H. Sm.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson		Yes
						micaceus	(Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson	PREM	Yes
						truncorum	(Scop.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo	PREM
					Coprinopsis	atramentaria	(Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo	PREM	Yes
						cinerea	(Schaeff.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo	PREM
						lagopus	(Fr.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo		Yes
						nivea	(Pers.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo	PREM	Yes
						picacea	(Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo	PREM		Wood 2017
						stercorea	(Fr.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo	PREM
					Coprinus	agricola	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
						comatus	(O.F. Müll.) Pers.	PREM	Yes
						digitalis	(Batsch) Fr.	PREM
						papillatus	(Batsch) Fr.	PREM
						punctatus	Kalchbr.	PREM
					Crucibulum	vulgare	Tul. & C. Tul.	PREM
					Disciseda	candida	(Schwein.) Lloyd	PREM
						castanea	(Lév.) Bottomley	PREM
						cervina	(Berk.) G.H. Cunningham	PREM
						hypogaea	(Cooke & Massee) G. Cunn.	PREM
						verrucosa	G. Cunn.	PREM
					Gyrophragmium	delilei	Mont	PREM
					Langermannia	wahlbergii	(Fr.) Dring	PREM
					Lepiota	acutesquamosa	(Weinm.) P. Kumm.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						canescens	A. Pearson	PREM
						citrinella	Beeli	PREM
					Lepiota	cristata	(Bolton) P. Kumm.	PREM	Yes
						cristatocystidiata	A. Pearson	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Agaricaceae	Lepiota	cutifracta	A. Pearson	PREM
						flava	Beeli	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						fustiformis	A. Pearson	PREM
						goossensiae	Beeli	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						helveola	Bres.		Yes
						hispida	Gillet	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						ianthina	Sacc.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						lutea	Matt.	PREM
						morganii	(Peck) Sacc.	PREM
						naucina var. leucothites	(Vittad.) Sacc.	PREM
						nympharum	(Kalchbr.) Kalchbr.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						praeclara	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
						parvannulata	(Lasch) Gillet	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						rhizobola	(Berk.) Sacc.	PREM
						roseolescens	A. Pearson	PREM
						roseosquamosa	Beeli	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						truncata	A. Pearson	PREM
						umbrinozonata	A. Pearson	PREM
						varians	(Kalchbr. & MacOwan) Sacc.	PREM
						virescens	Pat.	PREM
					Leucoagaricus	bisporus	Heinem.	PREM	Yes
						leucothites	(Vittad.) Wasser		Yes
						naucina	(Vittad.) Wasser	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						rubrotinctus	(Peck) Singer		Yes
						birnbaumii	(Corda) Singer	PREM	Yes
						brebissonii	(Godey) Locq.		Yes
						cepistipes	(Sowerby) Pat.	PREM
						fragilissimus	(Ravenel ex Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Pat.		Yes
						zeyheri	(Berk.) Singer	PREM
					Lycoperdon	asperum	(Lév.) Speg.	PREM
						caespitosum	Welw. & Curr.	PREM
						caffrorum	Kalchbr. & Cooke	PREM
						djurense	Henn.	PREM
						duthiei	Bottomley	PREM
						flavum	Massee	PREM
						gunnii	Berk.	PREM
						hiemale	Vent.	PREM
						perlatum	Pers.	PREM	Yes
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Agaricaceae	Lycoperdon	polymorphum	Vittad.	PREM
						pratense	Pers.		Yes	As Vascellum pratense
						pusillum	Batsch	PREM
						qudenii	Bottomley	PREM
						radicatum	Durieu & Mont.	PREM
						subincarnatum	Peck	PREM
						umbrinum	Hornem.	PREM
					Macrolepiota	excoriatus	(Schaeff.) Wasser	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						procera	(Scop.) Singer	PREM	Yes
						prominens	(Sacc.) M.M. Moser		Yes
						rhacodes	(Vittad.) Singer		Yes
						zeyheri	(Berk. & Singer) Heinem.	PREM	Yes
					Montagnea	aurenaria	(DC.) Zeller			Reid and Eicker 1991
						haussknechtii	Rabenh.			Reid and Eicker 1991
					Montagnites	candollei	Speg.	PREM
					Mycenastrum	corium	(Guers.) Desv.	PREM
					Parasola	hemerobia	(Fr.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple	PREM
						plicatilis	(Curtis) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple	PREM	Yes
					Polyplocium	inquinans	Berk.	PREM
					Psalliota	campestris	(L.) Quél.	PREM
						alboargillascens	A. Pearson	PREM
						arvensis	Schaeff.	PREM
						arvensis var. hortensis	W.G. Sm.	PREM
						comtula	(Fr.) Quél.	PREM
						duriuscula	Velen.	PREM
						mixta	A. Pearson	PREM
						nobilis	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
						placomyces	Peck	PREM
						pratensis	(Schaeff.) Gillet	PREM
						rodmanni	(Peck) Kauffman	PREM
						volvata	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
						xanthoderma var. meleagrioides	A. Pearson	PREM
					Secotium	gueinzii	Kunze			Kunze 1840
						obtusum	C.G. Loyd	PREM
					Tulostoma	albicans	V.S. White		Yes
						bonianum	Pat.		Yes
						cyclophorum	Lloyd		Yes
						exasperatosporum	J.E. Wright	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Agaricaceae	Tulostoma	gracilipes	J.E. Wright	PREM
						lesliei	Van der Byl	PREM
						purpusii	Henn.		Yes
						transvaalii	C.G. Loyd	PREM
					Xanthagaricus	luteolosporus	(Heinem. & Little Flower) Little Flower, Hosag. & T.K. Abraham	PREM	Yes
				Amanitaceae	Amanita	aureofloccosa	Bas		Yes
						capensis	Walleyn & Rammeloo		Yes
						excelsa	(Fr.) Bertill.	PREM	Yes
						foetidissima	D.A. Reid & Eicker	PREM	Yes
						mappa	(Batsch) Bertill.		Yes
						muscaria	(L.) Lam.	PREM	Yes
						pantherina	(DC.) Krombh.	PREM	Yes
						phalloides	(Vaill. ex Fr.) Link	PREM	Yes
						phalloides var. alba	Costantin & L.M. Dufour		Yes
						phalloides var. umbrina	(Ferry) Maire		Yes
						reidii	Eicker & Greuning		Yes
						pleropus	(Kalchbr. & MacOwan) D.A. Reid	PREM	Yes
						rubescens	Pers.	PREM	Yes
						solitaria	(Bull.) Fr.	PREM
						strobiliformis	(Paulet ex Vittad.) Bertill.	PREM	Yes
						vaginata	(Bull.) Lam.	PREM
						veldiei	D.A. Reid & Eicker		Yes
					Limacella	guttata	(Pers.) Konrad & Maubl.		Yes
					Saproamanita	praeclara	(A. Pearson) Redhead, Vizzini, Drehmel & Contu	PREM	Yes
				Bolbitiaceae	Bolbitius	titubans	(Bull.) Fr.	PREM	Yes
						vitellinus	(Pers.) Fr.	PREM	Yes
						liberatus	(Berk.) R. Heim	PREM
					Conocybe	apala	(Fr.) Arnolds		Yes
						tenera	(Schaeff.) Fayod	PREM	Yes
					Galeropsis	mitriformis	(Berk.) R. Heim	PREM
					Pluteolus	reticulatus	(Pers.) Gillet	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
				Broomeiaceae	Broomeia	congregata	Berk.	PREM	Yes
						ellipsospora	Höhn.	PREM	Yes
				Clavariaceae	Clavaria	abietina	Schumach.	PREM
						capensis	Thunb.			Thunberg 1800
						cinerea	Bull.	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Clavariaceae	Clavaria	cladoniae	Kalchbr.	PREM
						contorta	Holmsk.	PREM
						corniculata	Schaeff.	PREM
						cristata	(Holmsk.) Pers.	PREM
						flaccida	Fr.	PREM
						helicoides	Pat. & Demange	PREM
						kunzei	Fr.	PREM
						laeticolor	Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
						ligula	Schaeff.	PREM
						persimilis	Cotton	PREM
						pulchra	Peck	PREM
						stricta	Schumach.	PREM
					Clavulinopsis	luteoalba	(Rea) Corner		Yes
						ochracea	Corner	PREM
					Mucronella	aggregata	(Fr.) Fr.	PREM
				Cortinariaceae	Cortinarius	argutus	Fr.	PREM
						brunneolimosus	A. Pearson	PREM
						camurus	Fr.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						castaneus	(Bull.) Fr.	PREM
						fuscotinctus	Rea	PREM		Van der Westbuizen and Eicker 1988
						lepidopus	Cooke	PREM		Van der Westbuizen and Eicker 1988
						multiformis	(Fr.) Fr.	PREM
						radiofibrillosus	A. Pearson	PREM
					Locellina	acetabulosa	(Sowerby) Sacc.	PREM
				Cyphellaceae	Chondrostereum	purpureum	(Pers.) Pouzar	PREM	Yes
					Cyphella	tabacina	Cooke & W. Phillips	PREM
						applanata	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						farinacea	Kalchbr. & Cooke	PREM
				Entolomataceae	Claudopus	variabilis	(Pers.) Fr.	PREM
					Clitopilus	prunulus	(Scop.) P. Kumm.	PREM	Yes
					Entoloma	lividum	(Bull.) Quél.	PREM
						olivipes	A. Pearson ex Pegler			Pearson 1996
						sagittiforme	(Kalchbr. & Cooke) Sacc.	PREM
				Fistulinaceae	Fistulina	africana	Van der Byl	PREM	Yes
				Hydnangiaceae	Laccaria	amethystea	(Bull.) Murrill	PREM	Yes
						laccata	(Scop.) Cooke	PREM	Yes
						tortilis	(Bolton) Cooke		Yes
				Hygrophoraceae	Hygrocybe	aurantiorufa	A. Pearson ex Pegler			Pearson 1996
						chlorophana	(Fr.) Wünsche		Yes
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Hygrophoraceae	Hygrocybe	conica	Velen.	PREM	Yes
						nigrescens	(Quél.) Kühner	PREM	Yes
						zuluensis	Boertm.			Boertman 1998
					Hygrophorus	coccineus	(Schaeff.) Fr.	PREM
						conicus	(Schaeff.) Fr.	PREM
						conicus var. nigrescens	(Quél.) Konrad & Maubl.	PREM
							(Quél.) Konrad & Maubl.	PREM
						discolor	(Feltgen) Sacc. & Trotter	PREM
				Incertae sedis	Anellaria	separata	(L.) P. Karst.	PREM
					Panaeolina	foenisecii	(Pers.) Maire	PREM	Yes
					Panaeolus	caliginosus	(Jungh.) Gillet	PREM
						campanulatus	(L.) Quél.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						fimicola	(Pers.) Gillet	PREM
						fimicoloides	A. Pearson	PREM
						papilionaceus	(Bull.) Quél.	PREM	Yes
						retirugus	(Fr.) Gillet	PREM
						semiovatus	(Sowerby) S. Lundell & Nannf.		Yes
						semiovatus f. exannulatus	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
						solidipes	(Peck) Sacc.	PREM
						sphinctrinus	(Fr.) Quél.	PREM
						subbalteatus	(Berk. & Broome) Sacc.		Yes
				Inocybaceae	Astrosporina	maritima	(P. Karst.) Rea	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
					Crepidotus	austroafricanus	Pilát			Pilát 1950
						haustellaris	(Fr.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						inandae	Cooke	PREM
						mollis	(Schaeff.) Staude	PREM	Yes
						pogonatus	Kalchbr.	PREM
						variabillis	(Pers.) P. Kumm.	PREM	Yes
					Inocybe	cinnamomea	A. Pearson ex Pegler			Pearson 1996
						congregata	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
						curvipes	P. Karst.			Vellinga et al. 2009
				Inocybaceae	Inocybe	eutheles	Sacc.	PREM	Yes
						hirtella	Bres.		Yes
						lanuginella	(J. Schröt.) Konrad & Maubl		Yes
						microspora	J.E. Lange	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						mixtilis	(Britzelm.) Sacc.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						*	Gillet		Yes
						patouillardii	Bres.		Yes
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Inocybaceae	Inocybe	pullata	A. Pearson ex Pegler			Pearson and Pegler 1996
					Phaeoglabrotricha	farinacea	(Kalchbr. & Cooke) W.B. Cooke	PREM
					Phaeosolenia	densa	(Berk.) W.B. Cooke	PREM
				Lyophyllaceae	Lyophyllum	decastes	(Fr.) Singer		Yes
					Podabrella	microcarpa	(Berk. & Broome) Singer	PREM
					Termitomyces	clypeatus	R. Heim		Yes
						microcarpus	(Berk. & Broome) R. Heim		Yes
						reticulatus	Van der Westh. & Eicker		Yes
						sagittiformis	(Kalchbr. & Cooke) D.A. Reid		Yes
						schimperi	(Pat.) R. Heim		Yes
						umkowaan	(Cooke & Massee) D.A. Reid		Yes
				Marasmiaceae	Calyptella	capensis	W.B. Cooke & P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						capensis	(Berk.) D.A. Reid		Yes
					Marasmius	bekolacongoli	Beeli		Yes
						calopus	(Pers.) Fr.	PREM
						candidus	(Bolton) Fr.	PREM
						delectans	Morgan	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						epiphyllus	(Pers.) Fr.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						filaris	Kalchbr. & MacOwan	PREM
						haematocephalus	(Mont.) Fr.		Yes
						helvolus	Berk.	PREM
						oreades	(Bolton) Fr.		Yes
						oreadoides	Pass.	PREM
						petalinus	Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
						rotula	(Scop.) Fr.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						scorodonius	(Fr.) Fr.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						siccus	(Schwein.) Fr.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						tener	Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
						thwaitesii	Berk. & Broome	PREM
						titanosporus	D.A. Reid & Jacot Guill.			Reid and Guillarmod 1988
				Marasmiaceae	Marasmius	zenkeri	Henn.	PREM
					Solenia	minima	Cooke & W. Phillips	PREM
						natalensis	W.B. Cooke	PREM
						rhoina	W.B. Cooke	PREM
				Mycenaceae	Cruentomycena	viscidocruenta	(Cleland) R.H. Petersen & Kovalenko		Yes
					Favolaschia	thwaitesii	(Berk. & Broome) Kuntze	PREM	Yes
					Mycena	acicula	(Schaeff.) P. Kumm.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						aetites	(Fr.) Quél.		Yes
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Mycenaceae	Mycena	alcalina	(Fr.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						alcalinoides	A. Pearson	PREM
						clavicularis	(Fr.) Gillet	PREM
						corticola	(Schumach.) Quél.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						hiemalis	(Osbeck) Quél.	PREM
						hyalina	A. Pearson	PREM
						pura	(Pers.) P. Kumm.		Yes
						rhodiophylla	(Kalchbr.) Sacc.	PREM
						rubromarginata	(Fr.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						sciola	(Kalchbr.) Sacc.	PREM
						vibecina	A. Pearson	PREM	Yes
				Niaceae	Flagelloscypha	applanata	(P.H.B. Talbot) W.B. Cooke	PREM
					Lachnella	alboviolascens	(Alb. & Schwein.) Fr.	PREM
				Nidulariaceae	Cyathus	berkeleyanus	(Tul. & C. Tul.) Lloyd	PREM
						dasypus	Nees	PREM
						hookeri	Berk.	PREM
						microsporus	Tul. & C. Tul.	PREM
						minutosporus	Lloyd	PREM
						montagnei	Tul. & C. Tul.	PREM
						olla	(Batsch) Pers.	PREM	Yes
						pallidus	Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
						poeppigii	Tul. & C. Tul.	PREM
						stercoreus	(Schwein.) De Toni	PREM
						striatus	(Huds.) Willd.		Yes
						vernicosus	(Bull.) DC.	PREM
				Omphalotaceae	Anthracophyllum	nigritum	(Lév.) Kalchbr.	PREM
						archeri	(Berk.) Pegler		Yes
					Gymnopus	androsaceus	(L.) Della Magg. & Trassin.	PREM	Yes
					Marasmiellus	candidus	(Fr.) Singer		Yes
					Omphalotus	olearius	(DC.) Singer		Yes
				Phelloriniaceae	Phellorinia	inquinans	Berk.	PREM
						squamosa	Kalchbr. & MacOwan	PREM
						strobilina	(Kalchbr.) Kalchbr.	PREM
				Physalacriaceae	Armillaria	fuscipes	Petch.		Yes	Coetzee et al. 2000
						gallica	Marxm.			Coetzee et al. 2003
						mellea	(Vahl) P. Kumm.	PREM	Yes	Coetzee et al. 2000
						ramentacea	(Bull.) Gillet	PREM
					Armillariella	polymyces	(Pers.) Singer & Clémençon		Yes
					Cyptotrama	asprata	(Berk.) Redhead & Ginns	PREM	Yes
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Physalacriaceae	Oudemansiella	canarii	(Jungh.) Höhn.	PREM
					Hymenopellis	radicata	(Relhan) Singer	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
					Physalacria	decaryi	Pat.	PREM
					Xerula	atrocaerulea	R.H. Petersen & Bougher			Petersen and Bougher 2008
				Pleurotaceae	Pleurotus	applicatus	(Batsch) P. Kumm.	PREM
						geesterani	Singer			Singer 1962
						gilvescens	(Kalchbr.) Sacc.	PREM
						lenticula	(Kalchbr.) Sacc.	PREM
						limpidus	(Fr.) Sacc.	PREM
						ostreatus	(Jacq.) P. Kumm.	PREM	Yes
						perpusillus	(Lumn.) Gillet	PREM
						pulmonarius	(Fr.) Quél.		Yes
						sajor-caju	(Fr.) Singer	PREM
						sciadium	(Kalchbr. & MacOwan) Sacc.	PREM
						septicus	(Fr.) P. Kumm.	PREM
				Pluteaceae	Pluteus	atromarginatus	(Konrad) Kühner	PREM
						pellitus	(Pers.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						romelli	(Britzelm.) Sacc.		Yes
						salicinus	(Pers.) P. Kumm.		Yes
						semibulbosus	(Lasch) Gillet		Yes
						thomsonii	(Berk. & Broome) Dennis	PREM
					Volvariella	speciosa	(Fr.) Singer		Yes
				Podaxaceae	Podaxis	africana	De Villiers, Eicker & Van der Westh.	PREM
						pistillaris	(L.) Fr.	PREM	Yes
						rugospora	De Villiers, Eicker & Van der Westh.	PREM
				Psathyrellaceae	Ozonium	omnivorum	Shear	PREM
					Psathyrella	griseola	A. Pearson	PREM
						condolleana	(Fr.) Maire		Yes
						lionella	A. Pearson ex Pegler			Pearson 1996
				Psathyrellaceae	Psathyrella	praelonga	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
						varicosa	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
				Pterullaceae	Pterula	subulata	Fr.		Yes
				Schizophillaceae	Schizophyllum	commune	Fr.		Yes
				Sebacinaceae	Sebacina	schweinitzii	(Peck) Oberw.		Yes
				Strophariaceae	Agrocybe	praecox	(Pers.) Fayod	PREM	Yes
						pediades	(Fr.) Fayod		Yes
					Deconica	atrorufa	(Schaeff.) P. Karst.	PREM
						coprophila	(Bull.) Fr.	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Strophariaceae	Deconica	protea	(Kalchbr.) Desjardin & B.A. Perry			Kalchbrenner 1876 (as Agaricus proteus)
					Flammula	alnicola	(Fr.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						harmoge	(Fr.) Sacc.	PREM
						hybrida	(Bull.) Gillet	PREM
						laetilamellata	A. Pearson	PREM
						luxurians	A. Pearson	PREM
						papillata	A. Pearson	PREM
						penetrans	(Fr.) Quél.	PREM
						sapinea	(Fr.) Pat.	PREM
					Galera	hypnorum	(Batsch) Quél.	PREM
						lateritia	(Fr.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						pygmaeoaffinis	(Fr.) Quél.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						spartea	Velen.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						tenera	(Schaeff.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						tenera var. siliginea	(Fr.) P. Kumm.	PREM
					Gymnopilus	hybridus	(Bull.) Maire		Yes
						junonius	(Fr.) P.D. Orton	PREM	Yes
						penetrans	(Fr.) Murrill	PREM	Yes
						sapineus	(Fr.) Murrill		Yes
					Hebeloma	angustispermum	A. Pearson	PREM
						anthracophilum	Maire	PREM
						crustuliniforme	(Bull.) Quél.		Yes
						cylindrosporum	Romagn.	PREM	Yes
						nudipes	(Fr.) Kalchbr.	PREM
						sinapizans	(Paulet) Gillet		Yes
						spoliatum	(Fr.) Gillet	PREM
					Hymenogaster	albellus	Massee & Rodway	PREM
						reticulatus	Zeller & C.W.	PREM
					Hypholoma	candolleanum	(Fr.) Quél.	PREM
						fasciculare	(Huds.) P. Kumm.	PREM	Yes
						lateritium	(Schaeff.) P. Kumm.	PREM
					Kuehneromyces	mutabilis	(Schaeff.) Singer & A.H. Sm.	PREM
					Leratiomyces	ceres	(Cooke & Massee) Spooner & Bridge 2008		Yes
					Naucoria	pediades	(Fr.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						russa	(Cooke & Massee) Sacc.	PREM
						scolecina	(Fr.) Quél.	PREM
						semiorbicularis	(Bull.) Quél.	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Strophariaceae	Naucoria	undulosa	(Fr.) Sacc.	PREM
					Pholiota	aurivella	(Batsch) P. Kumm.	PREM
						caperata	(Pers.) Gillet	PREM
						cylindracea	(DC.) Gillet	PREM
						flammans	(Batsch) P. Kumm.	PREM
						mutabilis	(Schaeff.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						parva	A. Pearson	PREM
						pseudoerebia	A. Pearson	PREM
						squarrosa	(Oeder) P. Kumm.		Yes
						spectabilis	(Fr.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						togularis	(Bull.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						unicolor	(Vahl) Gillet	PREM
					Psilocybe	coprophila	(Bull.) P. Kumm.		Yes
						cylindrispora	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
						natalensis	Gartz, D.A. Reid, M.T. Sm. & Eicker	PREM
					Stropharia	coccinea	A. Pearson ex Pegler			Pearson 1996
						semiglobata	(Batsch) Quél.		Yes
					Tubaria	furfuracea	(Pers.) Gillet		Yes
				Tricholomataceae	Amparoina	spinosissima	(Singer) Singer		Yes
					Cellypha	rhoina	(W.B. Cooke) W.B. Cooke	PREM
					Clitocybe	expallens	(Pers.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						fragrans	(With.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						gentianea	Quél.	PREM
						nuda	(Bull.) H.E. Bigelow & A.H. Sm.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988 (as Lepista nuda)
						rivulosa	(Pers.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						splendens	(Pers.) Gillet	PREM
						toxica	Stephens			Stephens 1966
					Collybia	acervata	(Fr.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						albuminosa	(Berk.) Petch	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						butyracea	(Bull.) P. Kumm.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						chrysopepla	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) A. Pearson	PREM
						distorta	(Fr.) Quél.	PREM	Yes
						dryophila	(Bull.) P. Kumm.	PREM	Yes
						extuberans	(Fr.) Quél.	PREM
						extuberans	(Fr.) Quél.	PREM
						fragrantissima	A. Pearson	PREM
						fusipes	(Bull.) Quél.	PREM	Yes
						macilenta	(Fr.) Gillet	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Agaricales	Tricholomataceae	Collybia	maculatoides	A. Pearson	PREM
						ocellata	(Fr.) P. Kumm.	PREM
						radicata	(Relhan) Quél.	PREM
						stridula	(Fr.) Sacc.	PREM
						velutipes	(Curtis) P. Kumm.	PREM
					Lepista	caffrorum	(Kalchbr. & MacOwan) Singer	PREM	Yes
						sordida	(Schumach.) Singer	PREM	Yes
					Macrocybe	lobayensis	(R. Heim) Pegler & Lodge	PREM	Yes
						titans	(H.E. Bigelow & Kimbr.) Pegler, Lodge & Nakasone	PREM
					Melanoleuca	brevipes	(Bull.) Pat.	PREM
						melaleuca	(Pers.) Murrill	PREM
					Omphalia	glaucophylla	(Lasch) Sacc.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
						micromeles	(Berk. & Broome) Sacc.	PREM
						oniscus	(Fr.) Gillet	PREM
						pyxidatoides	A. Pearson	PREM
						rustica	(Fr.) Quél.	PREM
					Tricholoma	albobrunneum	(Pers.) P. Kumm.		Yes
						eucalypticum	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
						melaleucum f. acystidiatum	A. Pearson	PREM
						meridianum	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
						saponaceum	(Fr.) P. Kumm.		Yes
						ustale	(Fr.) P. Kumm.		Yes
					Tricholomopsis	rutilans	(Schaeff.) Singer		Yes
					Tricholosporum	laeteviolaceum	D.A. Reid, Eicker, Clémençon & Cec. Roux	PREM
					Trogia	cantharelloides	(Mont.) Pat.		Yes
			Auriculariales	Auriculariaceae	Auricularia	auricula-judae	(Bull.) Quél.	PREM	Yes
						delicata	(Mont.) Henn.	PREM
						emini	Henn.	PREM
						fuscosuccinea	(Mont.) Henn.	PREM
						mesenterica	(Dicks.) Pers.	PREM
						polytricha	(Mont.) Sacc.	PREM
						sambucina	Mart.	PREM
					Eichleriella	macrospora	(Ellis & Everh.) G.W. Martin	PREM
					Exidia	glandulosa	(Bull.) Fr.	PREM	Yes
						purpureocinerea	MacOwan & Kalchbr.	PREM
					Heterochaete	byliana	Talbot	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Auriculariales	Auriculariaceae	Heterochaete	grandispora	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
				Incertae sedis	Aporpium	caryae	(Schwein.) Teixeira & D.P. Rogers	PREM
			Boletales	Boletaceae	Aureoboletus	gentilis	(Earle) Klofac		Yes
					Boletus	aureus	Schaeff.		Yes
						aestivalis	(Paulet) Fr.	PREM	Yes
						bovinus	Rostk.	PREM
						bovinus var. viridocaerulescens	A. Pearson	PREM
						collinitus	Fr.	PREM
						edulis	Rostk.	PREM	Yes
						flavus	Pollini	PREM
						grevillei	Klotzsch	PREM
						curtipes	Massee			Massee 1908
						pinicola	Sw.		Yes
						reticulatus	Schaeff.		Yes
						stellenbossiensis	Van der Byl			Van der Byl 1925
						subflammeus	Berk.			Berkeley 1876
					Buchwaldoboletus	hemichrysus	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Singer		Yes
					Chalciporus	piperatus	(Bull.) Bataille	PREM	Yes
					Imleria	badia	(Fr.) Vizzini	PREM	Yes
					Leccinum	duriusculum	(Schulzer ex Kalchbr.) Singer	PREM	Yes
					Octaviania	africana	Lloyd	PREM
						flava	(Rodway) G. Cunn.	PREM
					Xerocomellus	chrysenteron	(Bull.) Šutara		Yes
				Boletinellaceae	Phlebopus	sudanicus	(Har. & Pat.) Heinem.	PREM	Yes
				Boletinellaceae	Phlebopus	colossus	(R. Heim) Singer		Yes
				Coniophoraceae	Coniophora	arida	(Fr.) P. Karst.	PREM
						cerebella	(Pers.) Pers.	PREM
						fodinarum	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						incrustata	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						mollis	Ginns			Ginns 1982
						olivacea	Massee	PREM
						papillosa	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
					Gyrodontium	capense	D.A. Reid			Reid 1963
				Gyroporaceae	Gyroporus	castaneus	(Bull.) Quél.	PREM	Yes
				Paxillaceae	Melanogaster	ambiguus	(Vittad.) Tul. & C. Tul.	PREM
					Paxillus	extenuatus	Fr.	PREM
						involutus	(Batsch) Fr.	PREM	Yes
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Boletales	Paxillaceae	Paxillus	panuoides	(Fr.) Fr.	PREM	Yes
				Rhizopogonaceae	Rhizopogon	capensis	C.G. Loyd	PREM
						luteolus	Fr. & Nordholm		Yes
				Sclerodermataceae	Pisolithus	tinctorius	(Mont.) E. Fisch.	PREM	Yes
					Scleroderma	capense	C.G. Loyd	PREM
						cepa	Pers.		Yes
						citrinum	Pers.		Yes
						flavidum	Ellis & Everh.		Yes
						verrucosum	(Bull.) Pers.		Yes
						stellenbosiensis	Verwoerd	PREM
				Serpulaceae	Serpula	himantioides	(Fr.) P. Karst.		Yes
				Suillaceae	Suillus	bellinii	(Inzenga) Watling		Yes
						bovinus	(L.) Roussel		Yes
						granulatus	(L.) Roussel		Yes
						luteus	(L.) Roussel		Yes
			Cantharellales	Cantharellaceae	Cantharellus	cibarius	Fr.	PREM
						longisporus	Heinem.		Yes
				Ceratobasidiaceae	Pellicularia	asperula	D.P. Rogers	PREM
						filamentosa	(Pat.) D.P. Rogers	PREM
						fodinarum	P.H.B. Talbot & V.C. Green	PREM
						vaga	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) D.P. Rogers ex Linder	PREM
				Clavulinaceae	Clavulina	cinerea	(Bull.) J. Schröt.	PREM
						cristata	(Holmsk.) J. Schröt.	PREM	Yes
			Corticiales	Corticiaceae	Corticium	argillaceum	Bres.	PREM
					Corticium	armeniacum	Sacc.	PREM
						coeruleum	(Lam.) Fr.	PREM
						confluens	(Fr.) Fr.	PREM
						gloeosporum	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						laetum	(P. Karst.) Bres.	PREM
						luteocystidiatum	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						moniliforme	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						portentosum	Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
						punctulatum	Cooke	PREM
						salmonicolor	Berk. & Broome	PREM
						scutellare	Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
						tumulosum	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						vagum	Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
					Cytidia	flocculenta	(Fr.) Höhn. & Litsch.	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Corticiales	Corticiaceae	Dendrothele	duthiei	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
					Laetiporus	baudonii	(Pat.) Ryvarden		Yes
						sulphureus	(Bull.) Murrill	PREM	Yes
					Tretopileus	sphaerophorus	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes & Deighton	PREM
			Geastrales	Geastraceae	Geasteropsis	conrathi	Hollós	PREM
					Geastrum	ambiguum	Mont.	PREM
						arenarium	Lloyd	PREM
						bryantii	Berk.	PREM
						campestre	Morgan	PREM
						coronatum	Pers.	PREM
						dissimile	Bottomley	PREM
						fimbriatum	Tul. & C. Tul.	PREM
						floriforme	Vittad.	PREM
						fornicatum	(Huds.) Hook.	PREM
						hieronymi	Henn.	PREM
						hygrometricum	Pers.	PREM
						kotlabae	V.J. Staněk		Yes
						lageniforme	Cooke	PREM
						limbatum	Fr.	PREM	Yes
						mammosum	De Toni	PREM
						minimum	Chevall.	PREM
						mirabile	Mont.	PREM
						nanum	Pers.	PREM
						pectinatum	Pers.	PREM	Yes
						pouzarii	V.J. Staněk	PREM
						quadrifidum	DC. ex Pers.	PREM
						rabenhorstii	Kunze	PREM
						saccatum	Speg.	PREM	Yes
						schmidelii	Vittad.	PREM
						schweinitzii	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Zeller		Yes
						sessile	(Sowerby) Pouzar		Yes
						smardae	V.J. Staněk	PREM
						striatum	Quél.	PREM
						triplex	Jungh.	PREM	Yes
						velutinum	Morgan	PREM
					Myriostoma	coliforme	(Dicks.) Corda	PREM	Yes
						coliforme var. capillisporum	V.J. Staněk			Staněk 1958
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Gloeophyllales	Gloeophyllaceae	Gloeophyllum	sepiarium	(Wulfen) P. Karst.	PREM	Yes
						trabeum	(Pers.) Murrill	PREM	Yes
			Gomphales	Gomphaceae	Ramaria	formosa	(Pers.) Quél.		Yes
				Clavariadelphaceae	Clavariadelphus	clavulinoides	R.H. Petersen			Petersen 1967
			Hymenochaetales	Hymenochaetaceae	Coltricia	perennis	(L.) Murrill	PREM	Yes
					Fomitoparia	capensis	M. Fisch., Cloete, L. Mostert & Halleen			Cloete et al. 2014
					Fomitoparia	punctata	(P. Karst.) Murrill		Yes
					Fuscoporia	gilva	(Schwein.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch.		Yes
					Hydnum	auriscalpium	Lour.	PREM
						longospinosum	Lloyd	PREM
						mucidum	Pers.	PREM
						sclerodontium	Mont. & Berk.	PREM
						setosum	Pers.	PREM
					Hymenochaete	cinnamomea	(Pers.) Bres.	PREM
						contiformis	G. Cunn.	PREM
						fasciculata	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						fulva	Burt	PREM
						luteobadia	(Fr.) Höhn. & Litsch.	PREM
						ochromarginata	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM	Yes
						pinnatifida	Burt	PREM
						rubiginosa	(Dicks.) Lév.	PREM	Yes
						semistupposa	Petch	PREM
						tabacina	(Sowerby) Lév.	PREM
			Hymenochaetales	Hymenochaetaceae	Hymenochaete	tristicula	(Berk. & Broome) Massee	PREM
					Phellinus	gilvus	(Schwein.) Pat.	PREM	Yes
						igniarius	(L.) Quél.		Yes
						resupinatus	M. Fisch., Cloete, L. Mostert & Halleen			Cloete et al. 2016
						rimosus	(Berk.) Pilát	PREM	Yes
					Polystictus	albobadius	C.G. Loyd	PREM
						doidgei	C.G. Loyd	PREM
						subiculoides	C.G. Loyd	PREM
					Trichaptum	byssogenum	(Jungh.) Ryvarden		Yes
			Incertae sedis	Incertae sedis	Cotylidia	aurantiaca f. infundibuliformis	D.A. Reid	PREM
					Grandinia	bicolor	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
					Heterochaete	byliana	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
					Heterochaete	grandispora	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
					Oxyporus	populinus	(Schumach.) Donk	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Incertae sedis	Incertae sedis	Riessia	semiophora	Fresen.	PREM
			Phallales	Phallaceae	Anthurus	archeri	(Berk.) E. Fisch.	PREM
					Aseroë	rubra	Labill.	PREM	Yes
					Blumenavia	angolensis	(Welw. & Curr.) Dring		Yes
					Clathrella	roseolescens	E. Fisch.	PREM
					Clathrus	affinis	Lloyd	PREM
						archeri	(Berk.) Dring	PREM	Yes
						gracilis	(Berk.) Schltdl.	PREM
						pseudocancellatus	(E. Fisch.) Lloyd	PREM
						transvaalensis	Eicker & D.A. Reid		Yes
					Ileodictyon	gracile	Berk.			Bottomley 1948; Coetzee 2010
					Itajahya	galericulata	Möller	PREM	Yes
						rosea	(Delile) E. Fisch.		Yes
					Jaczewskia	phalloides	Mattir.	PREM
					Kalchbrennera	corallocephala	(Welw. & Curr.) Kalchbr.	PREM	Yes
					Lysurus	cruciatus	(Lepr. & Mont.) Henn.			Bottomley 1948; Coetzee 2010
						gardneri	Berk.	PREM
					Mutinus	bambusinus	(Zoll.) E. Fisch.	PREM
						caninus	(Huds.) Fr.	PREM
						simplex	Lloyd.	PREM
					Phallus	duplicatus	Bosc		Yes
						impudicus	L.	PREM	Yes
						indusiatus	Vent.	PREM	Yes
					Phallus	rubicundus	(Bosc) Fr.	PREM	Yes
			Polyporales	Fomitopsidaceae	Daedalea	biennis	(Bull.) Fr.	PREM
						hobbsii	Van der Byl	PREM
						quercina	(L.) Pers.	PREM	Yes
					Fomitopsis	ochroleuca	(Berk.) G. Cunn.	PREM
					Gloeocystidium	tenue	(Pat.) Höhn. & Litsch.	PREM
					Phaeolus	schweinitzii	(Fr.) Pat.	PREM	Yes
					Rhodofomitopsis	lilacinogilva	(Berk.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai	PREM	Yes
				Ganodermataceae	Amauroderma	leptopus	(Pers.) J.S. Furtado	PREM
						fuscoporia	Wakef.			Wakefield 1948
						rude	(Berk.) Torrend	PREM	Yes
						schomburgkii	(Mont. & Berk.) Torrend	PREM
						sprucei	(Pat.) Torrend		Yes
						zuluense	Talbot	PREM
					Ganoderma	alluaudi	Pat. & Har.	PREM
						annulare	(Fr.) Gilb.	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Polyporales	Ganodermataceae	Ganoderma	applanatum	(Pers.) Pat.	PREM	Yes
						aridicola	J.H. Xing & B.K. Cui			Xing et al. 2016
						austroafricanum	Coetzee, M.J. Wingf., Marinc., Blanchette			Crous et al. 2014
						chilense	(Fr.) Pat.	PREM
						colossus	Fr.) C.F. Baker	PREM
						cf. cupreum	(Sacc.) Bres.			Tchotet et al. 2019
						curtisii	(Berk.) Murrill	PREM
						destructans	M.P.A. Coetzee, Marinc., M.J. Wingf.			Coetzee et al. 2015
						dunense	Tchotet, Rajchenb. & Jol. Roux			Tchotet et al. 2018
						eickeri	Tchotet, M.P.A. Coetzee, Rachjenb. & Jol. Roux			Tchotet et al. 2019
						eminii	Henn.	PREM
						cf. cupreum	(Sacc.) Bres			Tchotet et al. 2019
						enigmaticum	M.P.A. Coetzee, Marinc., M.J. Wingf.			Coetzee et al. 2015
						fulvellum	Bres.	PREM
						hildebrandii	Henn.	PREM
						knysnamense	Tchotet, M.P.A. Coetzee, Rachjenb. & Jol. Roux			Tchotet et al. 2019
						lucidum	(Curtis) P. Karst.	PREM	Yes
						mastoporum	(Lév.) Pat.	PREM
						mollicarnosum	(Lloyd) Sacc. & Trotter	PREM
						nigrolucidum	(Lloyd) D.A. Reid	PREM
						oerstedii	(Fr.) Torrend	PREM
						oregonense	Murrill	PREM
						oroflavum	(Lloyd) C.J. Humphrey	PREM
						resinaceum	Boud.	PREM	Yes	Tchotet et al. 2019
						tornatum	(Pers.) Bres.	PREM
						zonatum	Murrill	PREM
				Incertae sedis	Crustodontia	chrysocreas	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hjortstam & Ryvarden		Yes
				Meruliaceae	Acia	conferta	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						stenodon	(Pers.) Bourdot & Galzin	PREM
						uda	(Fr.) P. Karst.	PREM
					Aegerita	webberi	H.S. Fawc	PREM
					Bjerkandera	adusta	(Willd.) P. Karst.	PREM	Yes
					Cymatoderma	elegans	Jungh.	PREM	Yes
					Gloeoporus	conchoides	Mont.	PREM
						dichrous	(Fr.) Bres.	PREM
					Irpex	dregeanus	(Berk.) P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Polyporales	Meruliaceae	Irpex	flavus	(Jungh.) Kalchbr.	PREM
						grossus	Kalchbr.	PREM
						modestus	Berk. ex Cooke	PREM
						obliquus	(Schrad.) Fr.	PREM
						villereus	Berk. & Broome	PREM
					Laschia	frieseana	(Henn.) Sacc.	PREM
						pustulata	Berk. & Broome	PREM
						volkensii	Bres.	PREM
					Merulius	corium	(Pers.) Fr.	PREM
						gelatinosus	Petch	PREM
						himantioides	Fr.	PREM
						lacrymans	(Wulfen) Schumach.	PREM
						molluscus	Fr.	PREM
						pinastri	(Fr.) Burt	PREM
						rufus	Pers.	PREM
						squalidus	Fr.	PREM
						tremellosus	Schrad.	PREM
					Mycoleptodon	ochraceus	(Pers.) Bourdot & Galzin	PREM
					Odontia	arguta	(Fr.) Quél.	PREM
						bicolor	(Alb. & Schwein.) Quél.	PREM
						mellea	(Berk. & Broome) Rea	PREM
					Phlebia	strigosozonata	(Schwein.) Lloyd	PREM
					Podoscypha	affinis	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Pat.	PREM
						involuta	(Klotzsch) Imazeki	PREM
						parvula	(Lloyd) D.A. Reid	PREM	Yes
				Phanerochaetaceae	Pseudolagarobasidium	acaciicola	Ginns			Wood and Ginns 2006
				Podoscyphaceae	Abortiporus	biennis	(Bull.) Singer		Yes
				Polyporaceae	Coriolopsis	lata	(Berk.) Ryvarden	PREM
						polyzona	(Pers.) Ryvarden	PREM	Yes
						strumosa	(Fr.) Ryvarden	PREM
					Coriolus	azureus	(Fr.) G. Cunn.	PREM
						obducens	(Pers.) Bourdot & Galzin	PREM
						pubescens	(Schumach.) Quél.	PREM
						unicolor	(Bull.) Pat.	PREM
						zonatus	(Nees) Quél.	PREM
					Daedaleopsis	confragosa	(Bolton) J. Schröt.	PREM	Yes
					Favolus	brasiliensis	(Fr.) Fr.	PREM
						europaeus	Fr.	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Polyporales	Polyporaceae	Favolus	friesii	Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
						hispidulus	Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
						spathulatus	(Jungh.) Lév.	PREM	Yes
					Fomes	annosus	(Fr.) Cooke	PREM
						caliginosus	(Berk.) Cooke	PREM
						caryophylli	(Racib.) Bres.	PREM
						conchatus	(Pers.) Gillet	PREM
						connatus	(Weinm.) Gillet	PREM
						fraxineus	(Bull.) Cooke	PREM
						fulvus	(Scop.) Gillet	PREM
						geotropus	(Cooke) Cooke	PREM
						gibbosus	(Blume & T. Nees) Sacc.	PREM
						gilvus	(Schwein.) Lloyd	PREM
						glaucoporus	Lloyd	PREM
						hornodermus	(Mont.) Cooke	PREM
						kamphoeveneri	(Fr.) Sacc.	PREM
						langloisii	Murrill) Sacc. & D. Sacc.	PREM
						laricis	(F. Rubel) Murrill	PREM
						leucophaeus	(Mont.) Cooke	PREM
						lignosus	(Klotzsch) Bres.	PREM
						lividus	(Kalchbr. ex Cooke) Sacc.	PREM
						macgregorii	Bres.	PREM
						marginatus	(Pers.) Fr.	PREM
						marmoratus	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Cooke	PREM
						melanoporus	(Mont.) Sacc.	PREM
						minutulus	Henn.	PREM
						pachyphloeus	Corner	PREM
						pectinatus	Lloyd	PREM
						pinicola	(Sw.) Cooke	PREM
						putearius	Weir	PREM
						ribis	(Schumach.) Gillet	PREM
						rimosus	(Berk.) Cooke	PREM
						robinsoniae	(Murrill) Sacc. & Trotter	PREM
						roburneus	Lázaro Ibiza	PREM
						roseus	(Alb. & Schwein.) Fr.	PREM
						scalaris	(Berk.) Sacc.	PREM
						senex	(Nees & Mont.) Cooke	PREM
						sessilis	(Murrill) Sacc. & D. Sacc.	PREM
						ulmarius	(Sowerby) Gillet	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Polyporales	Polyporaceae	Fomes	ungulatus	Lázaro Ibiza	PREM
						velutinus	Bres.	PREM
						yucatanensis	(Murrill) Sacc. & D. Sacc.	PREM
						zambesianus	(Lloyd) Sacc.	PREM
						zuluensis	Wakef.	PREM
					Funalia	gallica	(Fr.) Bondartsev & Singer		Yes
						leonina	(Klotzsch) Pat.	PREM
						protea	(Berk.) D.A. Reid		Yes
						trogii	(Berk.) Bondartsev & Singer		Yes
					Grammothele	pseudomappa	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
					Heliocybe	sulcata	(Berk.) Redhead & Ginns		Yes
					Hexagonia	albida	Lloyd	PREM
						crinigera	Fr.	PREM
						discopoda	Pat. & Har.	PREM
						dregeana	Lév.	PREM
						friesiana	Speg.	PREM
						glabra	(P. Beauv.) Ryvarden	PREM
						hirta f. hystrix	(Cooke) O. Fidalgo	PREM
						pobeguinii	Har.	PREM
						polygramma	(Mont.) Fr.	PREM
						rigida	Berk.	PREM
						speciosa	Fr.	PREM
						tenuis	(Hook.) Fr.	PREM	Yes
						tricolor	Fr.	PREM
						zambesiana	Torrend	PREM
					Lentinus	arcularius	(Batsch) Zmitr	PREM	Yes
						bissus	Quél.	PREM
						fastuosus	Kalchbr. & MacOwan	PREM
						flabelliformis	(Bolton) Fr.	PREM
						lecomtei	Fr.	PREM
						murrayi	Kalchbr. & MacOwan	PREM
						nigripes	Fr.	PREM
						omphalodes var. africanus	A. Pearson			Pearson 1950
						sajor-caju	(Fr.) Fr.	PREM	Yes
						strigosus	Fr.	PREM	Yes
						stuppeus	Klotzsch	PREM	Yes
						tigrinus	(Bull.) Fr.	PREM
						tuber-regium	(Fr.) Fr.	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Polyporales	Polyporaceae	Lentinus	velutinus	Fr.	PREM	Yes
						villosus	Klotzsch	PREM	Yes
						zeyheri	Berk.	PREM
					Lenzites	abietina	(Bull.) Fr.	PREM
						aspera	(Klotzsch) Fr.	PREM
						betulina	(L.) Fr.	PREM	Yes
						guineensis	(Afzel. ex Fr.) Fr.	PREM
						junghuhnii	Lév.	PREM
						palisoti	(Fr.) Fr.	PREM
						quercina	(L.) P. Karst.	PREM
						repanda	(Mont.) Fr.	PREM
						tricolor	(Bull.) Fr.	PREM
					Lopharia	lirellosa	Kalchbr. & MacOwan			Kalchbrenner & MacOwan 1881
						mirabilis	(Berk. & Broome) Pat.	PREM
					Lignosus	sacer	(Afzel. ex Fr.) Ryvarden	PREM	Yes
					Microporus	xanthopus	(Fr.) Kuntze	PREM	Yes
					Nigroporus	vinosus	(Berk.) Murrill	PREM
					Neolentinus	lepideus	(Fr.) Redhead & Ginns	PREM	Yes
					Panus	stipticus	(Bull.) Fr.	PREM
						stipticus var. farinaceus	(Schumach.) Rea	PREM
						stuppeus	(Klotzsch) Pegler & R.W. Rayner	PREM
					Perenniporia	ochroleuca	(Berk.) Ryvarden	PREM
					Picipes	badius	(Pers.) Zmitr. & Kovalenko		Yes
					Phellinus	badius	(Cooke) G. Cunn.	PREM	Yes
						robustus	(P. Karst.) Bourdot & Galzin	PREM	Yes
					Polyporus	adustus	(Willd.) Fr.	PREM
						affinis	Blume & T. Nees	PREM
						anebus	Berk.	PREM
						arenosobasus	Lloyd	PREM
						australiensis	Wakef.	PREM
						baurii	Kalchbr.	PREM
						berkeleyi	Fr.	PREM
						biformis	Fr.	PREM
						chilensis	Speg.	PREM
						cichoriaceus	Berk.	PREM
						conchatus	C.G. Loyd	PREM
						cotoneus	Pat. & Har.	PREM
						cuticularis	(Bull.) Fr.	PREM
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Polyporales	Polyporaceae	Polyporus	dictyopus	Mont.	PREM	Yes
						doidgeae	Wakef.	PREM
						durbanensis	Van der Byl	PREM
						durus	(Timm) Kreisel	PREM
						favoloides	Henn.	PREM
						flabelliformis	Klotzsch	PREM
						flexilis	Van der Byl	PREM
						fruticum	Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
						gilvus	(Schwein.) Fr.	PREM
						grammocephalus	Berk.	PREM
						heteroclitus	(Bolton) Fr.	PREM
						immaculatus	Berk. ex Lloyd	PREM
						isidioides	Berk,			Berkeley 1843
						mastoporus	Lév.	PREM
						ochrolaccatus	Mont.	PREM
						ochroleucus	Berk.	PREM
						ochroporus	Van der Byl	PREM
						patouillardi	Lloyd	PREM
						picipes	Rostk.	PREM
						pocula	(Fr.) Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
						radiatus	(Sowerby) Fr.	PREM
						rhipidium	Berk.	PREM
						rubidus	Berk.	PREM
						rugulosus	Lasch	PREM
						rusticus	C.G. Loyd	PREM
						schweinitzii	Fr.	PREM
						semipileatus	Peck	PREM
						setiporus	Berk.	PREM
						squamosus	(Huds.) Fr.	PREM
						subradiatus	Bres.	PREM
						telfairii	Klotzsch	PREM
						trichiliae	Van der Byl	PREM
						undatus	Pers.	PREM
						varius	(Pers.) Fr.	PREM
						vibecinus var. antilopum	Kalchbr.	PREM
					Pycnoporus	sanguineus	(L.) Murrill	PREM	Yes
					Trametes	albotexta	C.G. Loyd	PREM
						capensis	Lloyd			Doidge 1950
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Polyporales	Polyporaceae	Trametes	cingulata	Berk.		Yes
						elegans	(Spreng.) Fr.	PREM	Yes
						gibbosa	(Pers.) Fr.		Yes
						griseolilacina	Van der Byl	PREM
						hirsuta	(Wulfen) Loyd	PREM	Yes
						keetii	Van der Byl	PREM
						meyenii	(Klotzsch) Lloyd		Yes
						subflava	C.G. Loyd	PREM
						versicolor	(L.) Loyd	PREM	Yes
			Russulales	Auriscalpiaceae	Lentinellus	omphalodes var. africanus	A. Pearson		Yes
				Hericiaceae	Dentipellicula	austroafricana	Jia J. Chen, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai			Chen et al. 2015
					Laxitextum	bicolor	(Pers.) Lentz	PREM	Yes
				Lachnocladiaceae	Asterostroma	cervicolor	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Massee	PREM
					Dichostereum	rhodosporum	(Wakef.) Boidin & Lanq.	PREM
					Lachnocladium	cristatum	Lloyd	PREM
						zenkeri	Henn.	PREM
				Peniophoraceae	Peniophora	arenata	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						aspera	(Pers.) Sacc.	PREM
						carnea	(Willd.) P. Karst.	PREM
						cinerea	(Pers.) Cooke	PREM
						filamentosa	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Moffatt	PREM
						gigantea	(Fr.) Massee	PREM
						heterocystidia	Burt	PREM
						longispora var. brachyspora	P.H.B. Talbot & V.C. Green	PREM
						lycii	Höhn. & Litsch.	PREM
						pelliculosa	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						quercina	(Pers.) Cooke	PREM
						rimicola	(P. Karst.) Höhn. & Litsch.	PREM
						roumeguerei	(Bres.) Bres.	PREM
						tenuis	(Pat.) Massee	PREM
						tristicula	(Berk. & Broome) Boidin & Lanq.	PREM
						velutina	(DC.) Cooke	PREM
				Russulaceae	Lactarius	deliciosus	(L.) Gray	PREM	Yes
						hepaticus	Plowr.	PREM	Yes
					Lactifluus	piperatus	(L.) Pers.	PREM		Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1988
					Russula	agaricina	(Kalchbr. ex Berk.) Trappe & T.F. Elliott			Berkeley 1876
						caerulea	Fr.		Yes
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Agaricomycetes	Russulales	Russulaceae	Russula	capensis	A. Pearson		Yes
						fallax	(Fr.) Fr.		Yes
						sardonia	Fr.	PREM	Yes
						sororia	(Fr.) Romell		Yes
						xerampelina	(Schaeff.) Fr.		Yes
				Stereaceae	Aleurodiscus	acerinus var. longispora	Höhn. & Litsch.,	PREM
						disciformis	(DC.) Pat.	PREM
						limonisporus	D.A. Reid	PREM
						mirabilis	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn.	PREM
						polygonioides	(P. Karst.) Pilát	PREM
						roseus	(Pers.) Höhn. & Litsch.	PREM
					Stereum	adnatum	C.G. Loyd	PREM
						australe	Lloyd		Yes
						erumpens	Burt			Burt 1920
						hirsutum	(Wild.) Pers.	PREM	Yes
						laxum	C.G. Loyd	PREM
						ostrea	(Blume & T. Nees) Fr.		Yes
						rimosum var. africanum	P.H.B. Talbot	PREM
						subpiliatum	Berk. & M.A. Curtis	PREM
						tomentosum	Van der Byl	PREM
						turgidum	C.G. Loyd	PREM
			Thelephorales	Thelephoraceae	Hypochnus	eylesii	Van der Byl	PREM
						michelianus	Caldesi	PREM
					Thelephora	penicillata	C.G. Loyd	PREM
						terrestris	Ehrh.		Yes
		Dacrymycetes	Dacrymycetales	Dacrymycetaceae	Arrhytidia	involuta	(Schwein.) Coker	PREM
					Calocera	cornea	(Batsch) Fr.	PREM	Yes
						viscosa	(Pers.) Fr.	PREM
					Dacrymyces	deliquescens	(Bull.) Duby	PREM
						palmatus	(Schwein.) Burt	PREM
					Dacryopinax	elegans	(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) G.W. Martin	PREM
						spathularia	(Schwein.) G.W. Martin	PREM	Yes
					Femsjonia	natalensis	Cooke	PREM
		Incertae sedis	Incertae sedis	Incertae sedis	Naematoloma	capnoides	(Fr.) P. Karst.	PREM
						fasciculare	(Huds.) P. Karst.	PREM
		Tremellomycetes	Tremellales	Tremellaceae	Tremella	fuciformis	Berk.		Yes
						mesenterica	(Schaeff.) Retz.		Yes
Fungi	Basidiomycota	Tremellomycetes	Tremellales	Tremellaceae	Tremella	micropera	Kalchbr. & Cooke			Kalchbrenner and Cooke 1880
						microspora	Lloyd			Lloyd 1920
					Phaeotremella	foliaceae	(Pers.) Wedin, J.C. Zamora & Millanes		Yes
				Sirobasidiaceae	Sirobasidium	magnum	Boedijn 1934		Yes
	Mucoromycota	Thelephoraceae	Mucorales	Pilobolacecae	Pilobolus	crystallinus	(F.H. Wigg.) Tode		Yes
Amoebozoa	Mycetozoa	Myxomycetes	Echinosteliales	Echinosteliaceae	Echinostelium	coelocephalum	T.E.Brooks & H.W.Keller			See text
			Liceales	Cribrariaceae	Cribraria	argillacea	(Pers. ex J.F.Gmel.) Pers.			See text
						cancellata	(Batsch) Nann.-Bremek.			See text
						intricata	Schrad.			See text
						tenella	Schrad.			See text
				Dictydiaethaliaceae	Dictydiaethalium	plumbeum	(Schumach.) Rostaf.			See text
				Liceaceae	Licea	biforis	Morgan			See text
						kleistobolus	G.W.Martin			See text
						pedicellata	(H.C.Gilbert) H.C.Gilbert			See text
				Tubiferaceae	Lycogala	epidendrum	(L.) Fr.			See text
						flavofuscum	(Ehrenb.) Rostaf.			See text
					Reticularia	lycoperdon	Bull.			See text
					Tubifera	ferruginosa	(Batsch) J.F. Gmel.			See text
			Physarales	Didymiaceae	Diachea	leucopodia	(Bull.) Rostaf.			See text
					Diderma	subdictyospermum	(Rostaf.) G.Lister			See text
						effusum	(Schwein.) Morgan			See text
						hemisphaericum	(Bull.) Hornem.			See text
						saundersii	(Berk. & Broome ex Massee) Lado			See text
					Didymium	melanospermum	(Pers.) T.Macbr.			See text
						difforme	(Pers.) Gray			See text
						eximium	Peck			See text
						iridis	(Ditmar) Fr.			See text
						nigripes	(Link) Fr.			See text
						squamulosum	(Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. & Palmquist			See text
					Mucilago	crustacea	F.H.Wigg.			See text
				Physaraceae	Badhamia	foliicola	Lister			See text
						macrocarpa	(Ces.) Rostaf.			See text
						affinis	Rostaf.			See text
						nitens	Berk.			See text
						spinispora	(Eliasson & N.Lundq.) H.W.Keller & Schokn.			See text
						utricularis	(Bull.) Berk.			See text
					Badhamiopsis	ainoae	(Yamash.) T.E.Brooks & H.W.Keller			See text
Amoebozoa	Mycetozoa	Myxomycetes	Physarales	Physaraceae	Craterium	leucocephalum	(Pers. ex J.F.Gmel.) Ditmar			See text
						aureum	(Schumach.) Rostaf.			See text
						dictyosporum	(Rostaf.) H.Neubert, Nowotny & K.Baumann			See text
						minutum	(Leers) Fr.			See text
					Fuligo	cinerea	(Schwein.) Morgan			See text
						muscorum	Alb & Schwein			See text
						septica	(L.) F.H.Wigg.			See text
					Leocarpus	fragilis	(Dicks.) Rostaf.			See text
					Physarella	oblonga	(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Morgan			See text
					Physarum	cinereum	(Batsch) Pers.			See text
						melleum	(Berk. & Broome) Massee			See text
						pezizoideum	(Jungh.) Pavill. & Lagarde			See text
						album	(Bull.) Chevall.		Yes	See text
						auriscalpium	Cooke			See text
						bitectum	G.Lister			See text
						bivalve	Pers.			See text
						bogoriense	Racib.			See text
						citrinum	Schumach.			See text
						compressum	Alb. & Schwein.			See text
						confertum	T.Macbr.			See text
						didermoides	(Pers.) Rostaf.			See text
						digitatum	G.Lister & Farquharson		Yes	See text
						flavicomum	Berk.			See text
						gyrosum	Rostaf.			See text
						javanicum	Racib.			See text
						leucophaeum	Fr.			See text
						leucopus	Link			See text
						mutabile	(Rostaf.) G.Lister			See text
						notabile	T.Macbr.			See text
						nucleatum	Rex			See text
						penetrale	Rex			See text
						pusillum	(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) G.Lister			See text
						roseum	Berk. & Broome			See text
						stellatum	(Massee) G.W.Martin			See text
						tenerum	Rex			See text
						vernum	Sommerf.			See text
						viride	(Bull.) Pers.			See text
					Willkommlangea	reticulata	(Alb. & Schwein.) Kuntze			See text
Amoebozoa	Mycetozoa	Myxomycetes	Stemonitales	Stemonitidaceae	Amaurochaete	atra	(Alb. & Schwein.) Rostaf.			See text
					Comatricha	alta	Preuss			See text
						nigra	(Pers. ex J.F.Gmel.) J.Schröt.			See text
					Enerthenema	papillatum	(Pers.) Rostaf.			See text
					Lamproderma	arcyrioides	(Sommerf.) Rostaf.			See text
						scintillans	(Berk. & Broome) Morgan			See text
					Stemonaria	irregularis	(Rex) Nann.-Bremek., R.Sharma & Y.Yamam.			See text
						longa	(Peck) Nann.-Bremek.			See text
					Stemonitis	splendens	Rostaf.			See text
						axifera	(Bull.) T.Macbr.			See text
						fusca	Roth			See text
						herbatica	Peck			See text
						pallida	Wingate			See text
					Stemonitopsis	typhina	(F.H.Wigg.) Nann.-Bremek.			See text
			Trichiales	Dianemaceae	Calomyxa	metallica	(Berk.) Nieuwl.			See text
				Trichiaceae	Arcyria	cinerea	(Bull.) Pers.			See text
						denudata	(L.) Wettst.			See text
						incarnata	(Pers. ex J.F.Gmel.) Pers.			See text
						insignis	Kalchbr. & Cooke			See text
						minuta	Buchet			See text
						obvelata	(Oeder) Onsberg			See text
						oerstedii	Rostaf.			See text
						pomiformis	(Leers) Rostaf.			See text
					Hemitrichia	clavata	(Pers.) Rostaf.			See text
						serpula	(Scop.) Rostaf. ex Lister			See text
					Metatrichia	vesparia	(Batsch) Nann.-Bremek. ex G.W.Martin & Alexop.			See text
					Oligonema	schweinitzii	(Berk.) G.W.Martin			See text
					Perichaena	depressa	Lib.			See text
						corticalis	(Batsch) Rostaf.			See text
					Trichia	persimilis	P.Karst.			See text
						affinis	de Bary			See text
						botrytis	(J.F.Gmel.) Pers.			See text
						favoginea	(Batsch) Pers.			See text
						scabra	Rostaf.			See text
						varia	(Pers. ex J.F.Gmel.) Pers.			See text
		Protostelids	Protosteliales	Ceratiomyxaceae	Ceratiomyxa	fruticulosa	(O.F.Müll.) T.Macbr.			See text
					Ceratium	sphaeroideum	Kalchbr. & Cooke			Kalchbrenner and Cooke 1880

The consisted of 1008 species, 251 genera and 72 families. At the class level, the had the highest number (Fig. 1) of species (992), genera (242), and families (68) hosting 86% of the total number of species of macrofungi. The largest order was represented by the (504 species) followed by the (251 species), (50 species), (49 species) and (33 species). The smallest orders were the and with only two species. The largest family was the (180 species) followed by the (172 species). Orders with only two species were the Gloeophyllale and , while the had four, and the 6 species.

Figure 1.

Bargraph indicating proportions of families, genera and species per order.

The was represented by 44 species distributed among 20 genera and 10 families. The had 34 species, 9 species and the one species (Table 1). However, the total number of species in these groups are biased in this study to include only those that can be considered as a macrofungus. One member of the (, ) was also included (Table 1).

More than hundred slime molds have been recorded from South Africa based on the list (Table 1, Fig. 1), with the () having the most species (57 species). The 107 names of slime molds contributed originated from published and unpublished sources (Duthie 1917a, b; Doidge 1950; Ndiritu et. al. 2009; Ndiritu and De Haan 2017; Winset KE unpubl. data). Only accepted taxonomic names following the nomenclatural criteria proposed by Lado (2005–2018), which is recognized by the Encyclopedia of Life under Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life (http://eol.org/), were used. All of the five orders of myxomycetes are present in South Africa, and include the (represented by one family and one genus), (four families and six genera), (two families and three genera), (one family and seven genera) and (two families and seven genera). The (Protostelids), a sixth order though not generally regarded as myxomycetes, is represented by only two species, (O.F. Müll.) T. Macbr and Kalchbr. & Cooke (Kalchbrenner and Cooke 1880; Spiegel et al. 2017).

As expected, cosmopolitan and widespread species in Africa have been reported from South Africa, such as (Bull.) Pers., (L.) Wettst., Roth, (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) G. Lister, Alb. & Schwein., (L.) Fr., (Bull.) Hornem., Rostaf., (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. & Palmquist, (L.) F.H. Wigg., (Scop.) Rostaf. ex Lister, (Batsch) Nann.-Bremek. ex G.W. Martin & Alexop. and Lib (http://www.discoverlife.org/). The number of species reported from South Africa also compares favorably with the approximately 375 myxomycete species reported from the African continent and its territories (Ndiritu and de Haan 2017). However, this is fewer than the 431 species reported from 30 countries in the Neotropics and 880 species from across the world (Lado 2005–2018).

are not represented in PREM. This large deficit is most likely because slime molds have a different biology from fungi. This also reflects the limited focus that the broad fungal diversity has received in South Africa, with a much larger focus on disease causing fungi of plants, animals and humans. Even within mycological circles, slime molds have received very limited attention and there has been no expertise in studying them.

Discussion

The checklist gives an overview of the visible mycobiota of South Africa from different sources of data. The checklist presented in this publication is the first for South African macrofungi and is as comprehensive as can be of currently collected and published macrofungi. The list will serve as a foundation to add names to a future real-time, developing, online list that should eventually become as complete as possible, similar to what is available for other organisms in South Africa such as plants and animals. Information on South African macrofungi is still scanty and a great degree of inventorying is needed to document existing species, as well as new species, in order to produce more detailed checklists of macrofungi of South Africa. It will also need future refinement and additions are already forthcoming, including ecological and distribution information.

South Africa has a long history of mycology. Based on what was published in the available field guides on macrofungi for South Africa (Stephens and Kidd 1953a, b; Levin et al. 1985; Van der Westhuizen and Eicker 1994; Branch 2001; Gryzenhout 2010; Goldman and Gryzenhout 2019), the most common macrofungal species reported across all the years belonged to several genera, including L., Pers., L., Pers., Pers., Murr., Singer, Pers., and Gray. There exists a level of overlap of species mentioned in the different field guides, but each field guide also included unique species while not one of them is complete or comprehensive due to publishing constraints. However, even the guides combined do not yet encompass the diversity of known and unknown species present in South Africa.

A number of scientific publications exist that listed macrofungi for South Africa in general. Doidge (1950) summarized the content of her book in tabular form, listing 835 Ascomycete species, 1704 species (36%) and several species of myxomycetes. The phytopathogenic component of these species, and species discovered since then, were summarized by Crous et al. (2000). Van der Westhuizen and Eicker (1988) listed the various fungi known at that stage in the Pretoria area (Gauteng Province), while Gorter and Eicker (1988) provided Afrikaans names for a list of fungi. Vellinga et al. (2009) and Wood (2017) listed a number of fungi, including macrofungi that they considered to be introduced into South Africa.

Eicker and Baxter (1999) presented a good overview of research done on basidiomycetes from 1977 to 1999. Their publication provides references to studies on the genera and species of (Pat.) Pat., Alb. & Schwein., R. Heim, Pers., Massee, P. Micheli ex L., Heinem., (Pers.) Gray, Singer, Locq. ex Singer, Pat., Fr. and Lév. A monograph on resupinate and stereoid , a revision of Lév. () (Job, 1987) and a series of papers dealing with Pers., Kalchbr. & MacOwan, Jungh. and the (Gorter, 1979). Paul A. van der Byl was known for his pioneering work on polypores or bracket fungi while Averil M. Bottomley documented South African (Bottomley, 1948). New species of were described, such as De Villiers, Eicker & Van der Westhuizen (De Villiers et al. 1989), but limited information is still available for the of South Africa (Coetzee and Van Wyk 2003). A new basidiomycetous species, namely Ginns, was considered to be a potential biocontrol against the invasive weed (Wood and Ginns 2006; Kotzé et al. 2015).

A number of recent studies on macrofungi included DNA phylogenetic data. For example, studies during the early part of the last century reported (Vahl: Fr.) P. Kumm. in South Africa (Pole 1933; Kotzé 1935; Bottomley 1937), that was largely associated with an expanding plantation forestry industry and the pathogenic nature of the fungus. However, recent morphologic and DNA-based studies showed that the fungus killing pine trees in South Africa is Petch (Coetzee et al. 2000), while the Northern Hemisphere species and Marxm. & Romagn. are restricted to the Western Cape on non-native trees and dying plants in the Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, respectively (Coetzee et al. 2000, 2003). However, recent studies alarmingly showed that is spreading to native fynbos areas and is able to infect a number of native plants in natural ecosystems of the Western Cape (Coetzee et al. 2018).

A number of new species were discovered through the use of DNA sequences. These include Coetzee, M.J. Wingf., Marinc., Blanchette on , which was assumed to be the main causal agent of root rot on these trees (Crous et al. 2014), M.P.A. Coetzee, Marinc., M.J. Wingf. and M.P.A. Coetzee, Marinc., M.J. Wingf. (Coetzee et al. 2015). , another novel species Tchotet, Rachjenb. & Jol. Roux, an undescribed novel species of , and were also found associated with dying plants of the invasive weed in the Eastern and Western Cape Province (Tchoumi et al. 2018). A survey (Tchotet et al. 2017) on wood-rotting basidiomycetes from various declining native tree species in the Garden Route National Park (Western Cape) also showed to be the most prominent associated group, together with , and to a lesser degree. The study also defined other operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with sequence data from such symptoms, and assigned tentative identities based on closest sequence hits on the UNITE database. In Tchotet et al. (2019) the OTU’s belonging to was further characterized based on multi-gene phylogenies and brought up the number of species present in South Africa to 13. From the study another two new species, namely Tchotet, M.P.A. Coetzee, Rachjenb. & Jol. Roux and Tchotet, M.P.A. Coetzee, Rachjenb. & Jol. Roux, were described, and the two phylogenetetic groups named as Boud. and (Sacc.) Bres. could indicate the first reports of these species in South Africa. has not been previously collected or observed (Table 1), while specimens of are present in PREM and the species has been recorded previously (Table 1).

A new species, M. Fisch., M. Cloete, L. Mostert, F. Halleen, was described from South Africa based on fruit body morphology and combined internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU) sequence comparisons (Cloete et al. 2014). The new species M. Fisch., M. Cloete, L. Mostert, F. Halleen, was found to be associated with the disease esca and white rot on grape vines (Cloete et al. 2016). Two new species, namely Z.W. Ge & A. Jacobs and Z.W. Ge & A. Jacobs, were described based on morphology and DNA sequences of the ITS, partial LSU, the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2) and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) sequences (Ge et al. 2018). The jacaranda stinkhorn ( Möller) in Pretoria was also typed phylogenetically (Marincowitz et al. 2015).

associated with termite mounds formed the focus of a number of studies. spp. associated with some termite species are arguably some of the best known fungi among non-specialists in South Africa, as they are rather obvious, numerous, interesting and a well-loved delicacy. A number of species have been described from South Africa (Botha and Eicker 1991a, b; Eicker and Baxter 1999; Fine Licht et al. 2005), but not all species of associated with the 42 South African fungus growing termite species have been characterized. Neither have the Hill ex Schrank species (, ) associated with termite nests been fully characterized. However, Sacc. was identified and described in South Africa (Saccardo 1891). Another well-known associate with termite mounds, (L.) Fr., was also found to consist of more than one phylogenetic lineage, including several collections from Africa, that could be supported morphologically and ecologically (Conlon et al. 2016, 2019).

A total of 105 myxomycete species (Table 1) are known from South Africa (Ndiritu and De Haan 2017). The first record of myxomycetes of South African myxomycetes was published in 1917 (Duthie 1917a). Additional published surveys included Duthie (1917b) and Doidge (1950). One would expect more species in South Africa especially when considering the presence of diverse habitats across such a large surface area. Clearly, this is a vastly understudied and underexploited group in South Africa supported by no local expertise.

A number of species presented in past field guides (Table 1), which should present studied fungi, do not have specimens lodged in PREM (15%, excluding slime molds) and are thus not present in our National Collection. For instance, none of the important termite-cultivated species, including the iconic (Cooke & Massee) D.A. Reid that is readily consumed by many, has fungorium specimens in PREM. These even include commonly occurring species such as Fr. that are widespread throughout South Africa and that can even be observed in dry conditions. Only 14% of fungi (excluding slime molds) published in previous field guides are also lodged in PREM (Table 1).

Conversely, a very large proportion of species in PREM (77% excluding slime molds) have not been included in popular field guides and are thus largely unknown to citizens interested in these fungi, and even professional mycologists. These pieces of forgotten knowledge are crucial to complete the current and future status of our fungal biodiversity, and represent a glimpse of the diversity in earlier times. For instance, 11 species of (Fr.) P. Kumm. are lodged in PREM but did not feature in previous field guides. A twelfth species, (Oeder) P. Kumm., is the only species currently listed in field guides but specimens for this species are not lodged in PREM (Table 1). Many of these collections representing genera or closely related groups, however, represent invaluable research opportunities to update the status of species in South Africa in the form of monographs and contemporary phylogenetic studies, to add new samples and possibly describe novel species.

Although great care was taken to eliminate possible synonyms present in the list, and to provide the most recent names for species listed under previous names (Index Fungorum 2019; Crous et al. 2004), a number of synonyms and previous names most likely are still present. It is impossible to continuously crosscheck the list, but errors can be rectified with future revisions for certain groups in the list that aim to eliminate these problems. It is also important to remember when using the list for research, that previous synonyms (including original published or collected names as listed in the contemporary taxonomic databases Index Fungorum and Mycobank) must also be searched.

A number of names listed in Doidge (1950) are not yet present in the list. Since a large proportion of these listed names have new combinations, it was uncertain whether the original author/-s observed them in the sense of what they are called today, or to what genus or species they were attributed to in the past. Some of these names also proved to be non-existent. Due to the importance of Doidge (1950) and the large number of names it contains, it was thus decided to rather treat the names included in Doidge (1950) separately where they can be more carefully linked to existing names and collections and their validity verified, before inclusion in the current checklist published here.

We emphasize that data obtained from publications and books were based on names only at this stage, because although published, some names were not supported by voucher collections that can be used to validate the accuracy of the included names. Even lists obtained from the fungorium, although tied to specimens, may represent misidentifications, previous synonyms or specimens not yet updated to recent systematic schemes for the particular taxon. Furthermore, a large number of macrofungi are still unnamed in South Africa, remain undiscovered, or new reports continue to be generated where discovered fungi could be identified. However, the working list presented here should form a solid foundation to revise names and add more names in future, especially if tied to certain targets or priorities matched to existing expertise and collaborations.

Having a fungal name list is invaluable. It is the first step towards compiling an atlas for macrofungi, similar to what exists for other organisms in South Africa (for example, Harrison et al. 1997). Such an atlas can also include distribution, ecological and biological data useful for diverse end users in governmental institutions, and those linked to conservation, ecology, academia and citizen science (Gryzenhout 2015). Additional products would be used to compile, for the first time, a red-list of macrofungi based on International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria, and guidelines to protect them based on their biology. It will aid to identify indicator species to monitor ecological integrity and change. The residency status of macrofungi can be defined better, and species that are truly endemic, naturalized, introduced or invasive can be defined properly within each group. The need for this is already evident where fungi have been previously listed (Vellinga et al. 2009; Wood 2017) but there was no national list for comparison. In fact, one species listed in Vellinga et al. (2009), P. Karst., is not present in previous publications or in PREM (Table 1). The checklist information can be used in education for the sustainable and safe use of fungal natural resources, to produce conservation awareness and regulation to protect naturally harvested species and habitats from over-harvesting (Gryzenhout et al. 2010, 2012). Lastly, the lists will be instrumental to do gap assessments from the compiled data to help identify research needs in future, for example where to focus surveys and collections, revisions, and where the greatest gaps for species descriptions exist. A list will also enable citizen scientist collaboration and participation and make the study of fungi more transparent (Gryzenhout 2015).

Human capacity should be developed in the area of mycology and biodiversity conservation. The species found in each region of South Africa is still unknown and there have not been any recent monographic works. Furthermore, a great need exists to continue revising the list, to ensure that more representatives of species are added and taxonomic revisions are undertaken and included in the list. The list should also be enabled to continue and long-term plans should be developed to ensure its sustainability.

The list presented is only based on species and specimens that could be named. A great deal of unknown taxa of macrofungi still exist. In fact, approximately 200 ‘‘unknown’’ macrofungal species of the fungorium records were left out from the list. Furthermore, approximately half of the records lodged in MushroomMap (http://adu.org.za/) represent fungi that could not be identified, whereas a great number of equally unknown fungi is posted on the Mushrooms for South Africa Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/groups/MushroomsSouthernAfrica/), or communicated by citizen scientists (Gryzenhout 2015). This great deficit or inability to name numerous South African macrofungi is indicative of the great diversity that we have, the large proportion that are still undiscovered, unstudied, and hence under-utilized, and the paucity of human capacity to do this (South African Fungal Diversity Network 2013). Without active description and characterization, these fungi will remain in obscurity.