Recurrent Campylobacter Enteritis in Patients with Hypogammaglobulinemia: Review of the Literature.

Recurrent Campylobacter enteritis is a well-recorded complication of primary hypogammaglobulinemia but has only rarely been reported with other types of immunodeficiency, and no cases have been reported after rituximab-associated secondary hypogammaglobulinemia. We therefore reviewed our local microbiology laboratory databases and conducted a literature search, to provide a detailed characterization of the immunodeficiency states associated with recurrent Campylobacter enteritis. Published cases had primary hypogammaglobulinemia, most frequently in the setting of common variable immunodeficiency, x-linked agammaglobulinemia, and Good syndrome. No cases were identified in the literature after rituximab or secondary hypogammaglobulinemia. We report a 73-year-old patient with recurrent Campylobacter enteritis and hypogammaglobulinemia in the setting of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chemotherapy, and maintenance rituximab. Physicians should be aware of the association of recurrent Campylobacter enteritis and immunodeficiency, most commonly in primary hypogammaglobulinemia. Rituximab alone may not be sufficiently immunosuppressive for recurrent campylobacteriosis to occur; additional factors, including hematological malignancy and its treatment, appear necessary. Patients with recurrent Campylobacter enteritis and those starting rituximab should be investigated for hypogammaglobulinemia and B-lymphopenia.