BACKGROUND: Flavor plays a critical role in defining sensory and consumer acceptance of dried pepper, and it can be affected by temperature and moisture content during hot air drying (HAD). Thus, headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) was used to analyze changes in volatile compounds of pepper during the HAD process with different drying temperatures. RESULTS: A total of 45 volatile flavor compounds were identified, including 11 esters, 11 aldehydes, nine alcohols, five ketones, three furans, three acids, two pyrazines, and one ether. The results showed that with the loss of moisture during drying, aldehydes and alcohols decreased, esters initially increased and then decreased. However, propyl acetate, 2,3-butanediol, 2-acetylfuran, and 2-methylpyrazine increased. Moreover, drying temperature was closely related to the change of volatile flavor compounds. Aldehydes, alcohols, and some other volatile flavor compounds (methyl salicylate, ethyl acetate, 2-methylpyrazine, dipropyl disulfide) decreased with an increase of temperature (60-80 °C) at the same moisture content, while high temperature could promote the formation of ethyl octanoate, methyl octanoate, benzaldehyde, furfurol, acetal, 5-methylfurfural, and 2-acetylfuran. Based on principal components analysis and heat map clustering analysis, peppers dried at 70 or 80 °C presented similar composition, and the loss of volatile flavor compounds was more than samples died at 60 °C during the HAD process. CONCLUSION: Overall, the flavor quality of peppers dried at 60 °C was better than that of other treatments during the HAD process. HS-GC-IMS was a reliable and effective means of analyzing volatile flavor compounds in peppers during the drying process.
BACKGROUND: Flavor plays a critical role in defining sensory and consumer acceptance of dried pepper, and it can be affected by temperature and moisture content during hot air drying (HAD). Thus, headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) was used to analyze changes in volatile compounds of pepper during the HAD process with different drying temperatures. RESULTS: A total of 45 volatile flavor compounds were identified, including 11 esters, 11 aldehydes, nine alcohols, five ketones, three furans, three acids, two pyrazines, and one ether. The results showed that with the loss of moisture during drying, aldehydes and alcohols decreased, esters initially increased and then decreased. However, propyl acetate, 2,3-butanediol, 2-acetylfuran, and 2-methylpyrazine increased. Moreover, drying temperature was closely related to the change of volatile flavor compounds. Aldehydes, alcohols, and some other volatile flavor compounds (methyl salicylate, ethyl acetate, 2-methylpyrazine, dipropyl disulfide) decreased with an increase of temperature (60-80 °C) at the same moisture content, while high temperature could promote the formation of ethyl octanoate, methyl octanoate, benzaldehyde, furfurol, acetal, 5-methylfurfural, and 2-acetylfuran. Based on principal components analysis and heat map clustering analysis, peppers dried at 70 or 80 °C presented similar composition, and the loss of volatile flavor compounds was more than samples died at 60 °C during the HAD process. CONCLUSION: Overall, the flavor quality of peppers dried at 60 °C was better than that of other treatments during the HAD process. HS-GC-IMS was a reliable and effective means of analyzing volatile flavor compounds in peppers during the drying process.