Abdullah Al Maruf1,2, Mikayla Fan3, Paul D Arnold1,2,4, Daniel J Müller5,6, Katherine J Aitchison7,8, Chad A Bousman1,2,4,9,10. 1. The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 3. Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 4. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 5. Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 6. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 7. Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 8. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 9. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 10. Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify and assess pharmacogenetic testing options relevant to psychiatry in Canada. METHOD: Searches of published literature, websites, and Standard Council of Canada's Laboratory Directory were conducted to identify pharmacogenetic tests available in Canada. Identified tests were assessed on 8 key questions related to analytical validity, accessibility, test ordering, delivery of test results, turnaround time, cost, clinical trial evidence, and gene/allele content. RESULTS: A total of 13 pharmacogenetic tests relevant to psychiatry in Canada were identified. All tests were highly accessible, and most were conducted in accredited laboratories. Both direct-to-consumer and clinician-gated testing were identified, with turnaround times and cost ranging from 2 to 40 days and CAD$199 to CAD$2310, respectively. Two tests were supported by randomized controlled trials. All tests met minimum gene and allele panel recommendations for psychiatry, but no 2 panels were identical. No test was unequivocally superior to all other tests. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacogenetic testing in Canada is readily available but highly variable in terms of ordering procedures, delivery of results, turnaround times, cost, and gene/allele content. As such, it is important for psychiatrists and other health-care providers to understand the differences between the available tests to ensure appropriate selection and implementation within their practice.
OBJECTIVE: To identify and assess pharmacogenetic testing options relevant to psychiatry in Canada. METHOD: Searches of published literature, websites, and Standard Council of Canada's Laboratory Directory were conducted to identify pharmacogenetic tests available in Canada. Identified tests were assessed on 8 key questions related to analytical validity, accessibility, test ordering, delivery of test results, turnaround time, cost, clinical trial evidence, and gene/allele content. RESULTS: A total of 13 pharmacogenetic tests relevant to psychiatry in Canada were identified. All tests were highly accessible, and most were conducted in accredited laboratories. Both direct-to-consumer and clinician-gated testing were identified, with turnaround times and cost ranging from 2 to 40 days and CAD$199 to CAD$2310, respectively. Two tests were supported by randomized controlled trials. All tests met minimum gene and allele panel recommendations for psychiatry, but no 2 panels were identical. No test was unequivocally superior to all other tests. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacogenetic testing in Canada is readily available but highly variable in terms of ordering procedures, delivery of results, turnaround times, cost, and gene/allele content. As such, it is important for psychiatrists and other health-care providers to understand the differences between the available tests to ensure appropriate selection and implementation within their practice.
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