Elizabeth A Bauer1, Abby L Braitman2, Matt R Judah3, Konstantin P Cigularov1. 1. Old Dominion University, 132-E Mills Godwin Bldg, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States. 2. Old Dominion University, 132-E Mills Godwin Bldg, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, United States. Electronic address: abraitma@odu.edu. 3. Old Dominion University, 132-E Mills Godwin Bldg, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States; Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, United States.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Worry is the core feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), which is prevalent among emerging adults. The contrast avoidance model proposes that individuals with GAD use worry to avoid negative emotional contrasts by maintaining a state of negative affect. Research suggests worry in response to stressors increases anxiety, but more research is needed to examine depression as an outcome and the predictions of contrast avoidance in the context of multiple stressor subtypes. The current study examined whether worry may be associated with increased symptoms of anxiety and depression, regardless of stressors, due to the use of worry as an avoidance strategy, moderating these associations. METHODS: 367 undergraduate college students from a medium-sized, public university completed self-report questionnaires online. RESULTS: Worry significantly mediated the associations from academic stressors and social stressors to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Contrast avoidance significantly moderated associations between academic stressors and worry as well as worry and anxiety. For those high in contrast avoidance, worry was relatively high regardless of academic stressors; for those low in contrast avoidance, students with fewer academic stressors reported less worry. LIMITATIONS: The present study relied on self-report. In addition, the cross-sectional design limits the ability to draw conclusions about temporal relations. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast avoidance elevated worry regardless of academic stressors, and strengthened the association between worry and anxiety but not worry and depression. Individuals who experience high levels of contrast avoidance may benefit from cognitive interventions focusing on reducing beliefs about the perceived benefits of worry.
BACKGROUND: Worry is the core feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), which is prevalent among emerging adults. The contrast avoidance model proposes that individuals with GAD use worry to avoid negative emotional contrasts by maintaining a state of negative affect. Research suggests worry in response to stressors increases anxiety, but more research is needed to examine depression as an outcome and the predictions of contrast avoidance in the context of multiple stressor subtypes. The current study examined whether worry may be associated with increased symptoms of anxiety and depression, regardless of stressors, due to the use of worry as an avoidance strategy, moderating these associations. METHODS: 367 undergraduate college students from a medium-sized, public university completed self-report questionnaires online. RESULTS: Worry significantly mediated the associations from academic stressors and social stressors to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Contrast avoidance significantly moderated associations between academic stressors and worry as well as worry and anxiety. For those high in contrast avoidance, worry was relatively high regardless of academic stressors; for those low in contrast avoidance, students with fewer academic stressors reported less worry. LIMITATIONS: The present study relied on self-report. In addition, the cross-sectional design limits the ability to draw conclusions about temporal relations. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast avoidance elevated worry regardless of academic stressors, and strengthened the association between worry and anxiety but not worry and depression. Individuals who experience high levels of contrast avoidance may benefit from cognitive interventions focusing on reducing beliefs about the perceived benefits of worry.
Authors: María Del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes; María Del Mar Molero Jurado; África Martos Martínez; Jose Jesús Gázquez Linares Journal: PLoS One Date: 2020-06-25 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Majed A Algarni; Mohammad S Alzahrani; Yasser Alatawi; Raghad A Alasmari; Hashem O Alsaab; Atiah H Almalki; Abdullah A Alhifany; Yusuf S Althobaiti Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2021-06-21 Impact factor: 3.390